[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"health-study-detail:100635712":3},{"organization":4,"armGroups":7,"interventions":25,"overallOfficials":34,"centralContacts":38,"locations":47,"responsibleParty":64,"collaborators":66,"id":69,"slug":70,"hasResults":71,"nctId":72,"briefTitle":73,"officialTitle":73,"acronym":24,"eligibilityCriteria":74,"healthyVolunteers":75,"sex":76,"minAge":77,"maxAge":78,"enrollmentInfo":79,"targetDuration":24,"studyType":82,"phases":83,"briefSummary":85,"conditions":86,"keywords":88,"overallStatus":94,"whyStopped":24,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":95,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":96,"startDateStruct":99,"completionDateStruct":101,"leadSponsor":103,"locationsCount":104},{"fullName":5,"class":6},"Nanyang Technological University","OTHER",[8,14,20],{"label":9,"type":10,"description":11,"interventionNames":12},"Implicit Training: Structure Learning Training","EXPERIMENTAL","Structure learning training taps on participant's ability to extract patterns from prior stimuli presentations to make predictions. Participants will view different visual stimuli, such as varying alien symbols on the screen. These are presented in sequence that are determined first by frequency statistics (the probability of a given stimulus occurring). Upon mastery, these are followed by more complex context-based statistics (the probability of a given stimulus occurring, depending on the preceding stimuli). Participants will be asked to make responses to indicate the visual stimulus they predict will appear, given variable length sequences. Participants will perform the task in the absence of explicit feedback; instead, they will be required to implicitly learn the task under uncertain conditions, such as changing frequency statistics. In such contexts, individuals must actively generate, update, or discard internal rules in response to changing patterns.",[13],"Behavioral: Experimental (Implicit Training): Structure Learning Training",{"label":15,"type":16,"description":17,"interventionNames":18},"Active Control (Explicit Training): 'All You Can E.T.'","ACTIVE_COMPARATOR","The active control group will use the \"All You Can E.T.\" (AYCET) set- shifting task developed by Prof Jan Plass (NYU-CREATE Lab), which has been shown to produce near-transfer effects on cognitive flexibility. Players must apply frequently shifting rule sets to provide differently coloured and shaped aliens with the correct food or drink that they need to survive. As the game progresses, the levels increase in rule complexity (such as the alien's food choice, their colour or appearance), number of aliens and speed of response. These changing factors require participants to continually update, switch, and inhibit their current response set. Immediate feedback is embedded into AYCET to support learning. Aliens' response accordingly to receiving the correct or incorrect item, enabling players to detect discrepancies in their current response rules.",[19],"Behavioral: Active Control (Explicit Training): 'All You Can E.T.'",{"label":21,"type":22,"description":23,"interventionNames":24},"Passive Control","NO_INTERVENTION","The passive control group will not receive any intervention but will receive the same pre-post cognitive-behavioural and neuroimaging intervention assessments. A message containing a brain fact will be sent to participants every day to keep them engaged (to have similar daily contact with the research team).",null,[26,31],{"type":27,"name":28,"description":29,"armGroupLabels":30,"otherNames":24},"BEHAVIORAL","Experimental (Implicit Training): Structure Learning Training","Participants will undergo 6-12 sessions of Structure Learning or set-shifting training in the active control training group lasting up to 30 minutes each. Each session will be conducted in a remote-guided manner with an approximate 1-day gap in between sessions. The entire training will span a maximum of 12 days.\n\nAcross the task, difficulty will progressively increase through changes in probabilistic contingencies. For example, following each symbol, one subsequent symbol may occur with 75% probability and an alternative symbol with 25% probability. Participants will first learn symbol-based contingencies (e.g., 75\u002F25), followed by contingency reversals (25\u002F75) requiring updating of learned associations. An additional stimulus dimension (frames surrounding symbols) will then be introduced with similar probabilistic contingencies and subsequent reversals, requiring flexible adaptation to shifting rules.",[9],{"type":27,"name":15,"description":32,"armGroupLabels":33,"otherNames":24},"The protocol for the active control condition will mirror that of the experimental arm. Participants will complete an equivalent number of training sessions, and total task time will be matched between the experimental and control groups.",[15],[35],{"name":36,"affiliation":5,"role":37},"Annabel SH Chen, PhD","PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR",[39,44],{"name":40,"role":41,"phone":42,"phoneExt":24,"email":43},"Kastoori Kalaivanan, PhD","CONTACT","+6569081458","kastoori.k@ntu.edu.sg",{"name":45,"role":41,"phone":42,"phoneExt":24,"email":46},"Laura R Edmondson Chua, PhD","Laura.chua@ntu.edu.sg",[48],{"facility":49,"status":24,"city":50,"state":24,"zip":51,"country":50,"countryCode":52,"cosmosGeoPoint":53,"geoPoint":58,"contacts":59},"Centre for Lifelong Learning and Individualised Cognition (CLIC), Nanyang Technological University","Singapore","637335","SG",{"type":54,"coordinates":55},"Point",[56,57],103.85007,1.28967,{"lat":57,"lon":56},[60,61,63],{"name":40,"role":41,"phone":42,"phoneExt":24,"email":43},{"name":62,"role":41,"phone":42,"phoneExt":24,"email":46},"Laura Edmondson Chua, PhD",{"name":36,"role":37,"phone":24,"phoneExt":24,"email":24},{"type":65,"investigatorFullName":24,"investigatorTitle":24,"investigatorAffiliation":24,"oldNameTitle":24,"oldOrganization":24},"SPONSOR",[67],{"name":68,"class":6},"University of Cambridge","100635712","investigating-cognitive-flexibility-training-100635712",false,"NCT07556250","Investigating Cognitive Flexibility Training","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Healthy volunteer (male of female) between 18 and 29 years who gave written informed consent to participate\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Current and\u002For prior history of learning disabilities\n* Current and\u002For prior history of neurological disorder\n* Current and\u002For prior history of psychiatric disorder\n* Current and\u002For prior history of cardiovascular disorder\n* Predominantly left-handed\n* Contraindications for MRI (e.g., pacemakers, implanted pumps, metal objects in the body)\n* Claustrophobic\n* Pregnancy (females)\n* Lactation (females)\n* Pronounced visual or auditory impairments",true,"ALL","18 Years","29 Years",{"count":80,"type":81},225,"ESTIMATED","INTERVENTIONAL",[84],"NA","The investigators' previous research identified two distinct subtypes of Cognitive Flexibility (CF), termed CF1 (shifting flexibility) and CF2 (strategy flexibility). The present study aims to determine whether these forms of CF can be trained, how they differ, and the extent to which improvements transfer to broader learning and cognitive skills. In addition, social functioning outcomes and the extent to which social factors moderate the effects of cognitive flexibility training are assessed. The investigators will employ a multi-modal approach combining cognitive-behavioural and neuroimaging methods to examine how brain mechanisms and cognitive performance change following CF-targeted training intervention (Structure learning) compared with active control and a no-training paradigm (passive control).",[87],"Healthy",[89,90,91,92,93],"Structure Learning","Cognitive Flexibility","Neural Activation","Intervention","Predictive statistics","NOT_YET_RECRUITING","2026-04-22",{"date":97,"type":98},"2026-04-29","ACTUAL",{"date":100,"type":81},"2026-04-23",{"date":102,"type":81},"2026-12-31",{"name":5,"class":6},1]