[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"health-studies-list:{\"overallStatus\":[\"RECRUITING\",\"AVAILABLE\",\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\"],\"leadSponsorName\":\"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)\",\"orderBy\":\"LastUpdateSubmitDate:desc\",\"size\":25,\"offset\":0}":3,"health-study-condition:":221},{"pageToken":4,"total":5,"offset":6,"count":5,"results":7},null,10,0,[8,49,72,95,108,118,127,152,176,199],{"id":9,"slug":10,"hasResults":11,"nctId":12,"briefTitle":13,"officialTitle":13,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":14,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":18,"enrollmentInfo":19,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":22,"phases":23,"briefSummary":25,"conditions":26,"keywords":28,"overallStatus":36,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":37,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":38,"startDateStruct":41,"completionDateStruct":43,"leadSponsor":45,"locationsCount":48},"100054021","phase-2-investigating-the-analgesic-potential-of-2r6r-hnk-in-acute-pain-in-healthy-volunteers-100054021",false,"NCT07504601","Investigating the Analgesic Potential of (2R,6R)-HNK in Acute Pain in Healthy Volunteers","* INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nIn order to be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:\n\n1. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form\n2. Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study\n3. Aged 18-60\n4. In good general health as evidenced by medical history\n5. Ability to take intravenous medication and be willing to adhere to the (2R,6R)-HNK regimen\n6. For females of reproductive potential: Use of highly effective contraception starting at the time of enrollment and agreement to use such a method during study participation and for an additional four weeks after the end of participation\n7. For males of reproductive potential: Use of condoms or other effective contraceptive methods from the time of enrollment, and for an additional 90 days after the end of participation\n8. Agreement to adhere to Lifestyle Considerations throughout study duration\n9. Ability of participant to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nAn individual who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:00\n\n1. Current use of disallowed concomitant medications.\n2. Presence of ferromagnetic devices or any devices that could pose a risk relating to the safety of the fMRI procedure, including implanted cardiac pacemaker or auto-defibrillator, insulin pump, ferromagnetic metal in the cranial cavity or eye (e.g. aneurysm clip, implanted neural stimulator, cochlear implant, ocular foreign body), and irremovable body piercings.\n3. Pregnancy or lactation.\n4. Has a clinically important acute or active chronic disease\n5. Has a history of any clinically important cardiovascular findings\n6. Has a history of serious medical illness, including but not limited to the following body systems and organs or those that in the judgment of the Principal Investigator and Medical Advisory Investigator pose a risk to the participant s ability to safely participate in the study:\n\n   1. Hepatic diseases (e.g. active viral hepatitis infection or cirrhosis of the liver)\n   2. Cardiovascular disease (including ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, poorly controlled hypertension due to risk of further blood pressure elevation and increase in demand on cardiac function from study drug)\n   3. Renal\u002Furologic (e.g chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury, history of bladder dysfunction due to theoretical risk of ketamine-induced cystitis)\n   4. Endocrinologic (including diabetes due to association with progressive abnormality of the microvasculature and nervous system)\n   5. Central nervous system disorder, neuromuscular disease, or other neurologic disorder (e.g. stroke, brain damage, elevated intraocular pressure or history of or presence of diseases that are associated with elevated intracranial pressure).\n   6. Pulmonary disease (e.g., asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis)\n7. Has a clinically important vital sign, ECG, or clinical laboratory finding.\n8. Has a major medical condition or medical history that in a clinician's assessment could affect heat sensitivity, pain thresholds, or somatosensation (e.g., Raynaud s disease, peripheral neuropathy, or circulatory disorder)\n9. Has a significant current psychiatric condition (including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or substance use disorders) or has a history of psychosis, hospitalization for a mental health condition, or recurrent psychiatric episodes.\n10. Has a current chronic pain condition or has had chronic pain in the past (painful condition lasting more than six months).\n11. Has a dermatological condition that might influence cutaneous sensibility such as scars or burns, or has a tattoo in the testing region\n12. Unable to comply with study procedures or follow-up visits.\n13. Those with an abnormality on a structural MRI.\n14. Individuals who are left-handed (based on self-report or score on handedness questionnaire).\n15. Participants who are currently using drugs (except for caffeine, nicotine, or cannabis) must not have used illicit substances or known drugs of abuse in the two weeks prior to screen and must have a negative drug urine test at baseline and on each research visit prior to infusion. Cannabis use is exclusionary if the use is daily, or if participants are unable to abstain during the study, or if function of daily life is impaired by use as determined by a clinician.\n16. Participants with a history of head injury that resulted in loss of consciousness exceeding five minutes.\n17. Participants with unstable clinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.\n18. Participants with one or more seizures without a clear and resolved etiology.\n19. Clinically significant abnormal laboratory tests specifically defined by:\n\n    1. Alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos) \\> 150 U\u002FL\n    2. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \\>55 U\u002FL\n    3. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \\> 34 U\u002FL\n    4. Total bilirubin (TB) \\> 1.2 mg\u002FdL\n    5. Direct bilirubin (DB) \\> 0.5 mg\u002FdL\n    6. 25-hydroxyvitamin D \\\u003C 20 ng\u002FmL\n    7. Folate \\\u003C 2ng\u002FmL\n    8. Vitamin B12 \\\u003C 200 pg\u002FmL\n20. Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) test.\n21. Participants with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) or suspected COVID-19.\n22. NIH employee who is a subordinate\u002Frelative\u002Fco-worker of any investigator on the protocol.\n23. Inability to read and understand English. Non-English speakers will not be eligible as most of the required monitoring and rating instruments are not validated in languages other than English.\n24. Participants may not use any prescription or nonprescription drugs including OTC, herbal medicine, or dietary supplements within 14 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to drug administration.",true,"ALL","18 Years","60 Years",{"count":20,"type":21},92,"ESTIMATED","INTERVENTIONAL",[24],"PHASE2","Background:\n\nOpioid drugs are often prescribed for acute and chronic pain. But these drugs are addictive, and they lead to more than 14,000 overdose deaths in the United States each year. Researchers want to find new drugs that relieve pain but are not addictive. This study will test whether a single dose of an experimental drug called (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) can help reduce short term pain in healthy adults. HNK is related to ketamine. Studies suggest HNK might be as effective as ketamine at reducing pain but that it might have fewer side effects. In this study we will test how HNK affects pain and emotion. The results of this study may help us understand whether HNK has pain relieving effects and how it works in the brain, which could inform future pain treatments.\n\nObjective:\n\nTo test the study drug \\[(2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK)\\] for treating acute pain in healthy people.\n\nEligibility:\n\nHealthy people aged 18 to 60 years.\n\nDesign;\n\nUp to 92 healthy volunteers between 18 and 60 years old without chronic pain or psychiatric conditions will participate in the study. The study will take place at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Each participant s involvement will last up to two months. The overall study is expected to last about three years (36 months).\n\nThe study has 2 parts.\n\nIn part 1, participants will have up to 2 clinic visits. They will be screened and have blood draws to make sure they're eligible for the study. They will complete sensory testing and have MRI brain scans.\n\nSensory testing involves feeling and rating painful and non-painful sensations. These may include hot or cold temperatures, pinches or squeezes, and being touched with brushes or pinpricks.\n\nEligible participants will have an imaging scan that shows brain activity: During the scan, they will rate heat, hear pleasant or unpleasant sounds, and view unpleasant or pleasant pictures.\n\nAfter completing part 1, eligible participants will be invited to part 2, which includes overnight stays at NIH.\n\nIn part 2, participants will be assigned to either a treatment group or a no-treatment group.\n\nThe treatment group will have 2 overnight visits of 2 nights each. The visits will be 1 to 3 weeks apart. For one of the visits, treatment group participants will receive the study drug HNK. For the other visit, they will receive a placebo. A placebo looks just like the study drug but contains no medicine. HNK and placebo are given through a tube inserted into a vein in the arm. The sensory tests, blood draws, and MRI scans will be repeated at each visit. Participants will not be told whether they got the drug or placebo on each visit.\n\nThe nontreatment group will have 1 overnight visit. They will not receive the drug or placebo. The sensory tests, blood draws, and MRI scans will be repeated.\n\nParticipants cannot drink alcohol, use recreational drugs, or take certain other kinds of medicine or supplements during the study.",[27],"Healthy Volunteers",[29,30,31,32,33,34,35],"fMRI","Pain","Quantitative Sensory Testing","Ketamine metabolite","Non opioid analgesic","HydroxyNorKetamine (HNK)","(2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine","NOT_YET_RECRUITING","2026-07-10",{"date":39,"type":40},"2026-07-13","ACTUAL",{"date":42,"type":21},"2026-07-16",{"date":44,"type":21},"2031-12-31",{"name":46,"class":47},"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)","NIH",1,{"id":50,"slug":51,"hasResults":11,"nctId":52,"briefTitle":53,"officialTitle":53,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":54,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":55,"enrollmentInfo":56,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":58,"phases":4,"briefSummary":59,"conditions":60,"keywords":62,"overallStatus":66,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":37,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":67,"startDateStruct":68,"completionDateStruct":69,"leadSponsor":71,"locationsCount":48},"100054182","microneurographic-assessment-of-peripheral-nerves-in-healthy-volunteers-and-individuals-with-sensory-dysfunction-caused-by-inherited-mutations-in-the-piezo2-gene-100054182","NCT06052631","Microneurographic Assessment of Peripheral Nerves in Healthy Volunteers and Individuals With Sensory Dysfunction Caused by Inherited Mutations in the PIEZO2 Gene","* INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nIn order to be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:\n\nAll Participants\n\n* Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study\n* Male or female, aged 18 years and over.\n* The ability to provide written informed consent.\n* Enrolled in 16-AT-0077, \"Clinical and Scientific Assessment of Pain and Painful Disorders\".\n\nPDS Patients\n\n-Clinical and genetic diagnosis of PIEZO2-LOF.\n\nHealthy participants\n\n-In good general health as evidenced by medical evaluation under 16-AT-0077.\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nAll Participants:\n\n* Difficulties with communication that make subjective innocuous and pain assessments impossible or unreliable.\n* Unable to comply with study procedures or visits.\n* Has a dermatological condition that might influence cutaneous sensitivity.\n* Congenital limb deficiency or amputation of any limb.\n* Prior history of syncope.\n* Peripheral neuropathy or current chronic pain condition or has had chronic pain in the past year (painful condition lasting more than six months), including ongoing treatment with medications for neuropathic pain (e.g. gabapentin, tricyclic antidepressants, pregabalin, tramadol).\n* Has a major medical condition, such as kidney, liver, cardiovascular, autonomic, pulmonary, or neurological problems (e.g., epilepsy) or a chronic systemic disease (e.g., diabetes), or Raynaud's Disease.\n* Current and untreated diagnosis of depression, post-traumatic stress, syndrome, bipolar disorder, psychosis, anxiety or panic disorder, alcohol or substance use disorders.\n* Pregnant (verbal confirmation) or breastfeeding.\n* Are participating in other ongoing research protocols involving interventions that would interfere with somatosensation.\n* Employees or staff that work at NCCIH.\n* Adults who are unable to provide their own consent.","100 Years",{"count":57,"type":21},16,"OBSERVATIONAL","Background:\n\nPIEZO2 Deficiency Syndrome (PDS) is a genetic disorder that affects a person s ability to feel touches and pain. Researchers want to know more about how PDS changes nerve function.\n\nObjective:\n\nTo compare nerve function in people with PDS to that in people without PDS.\n\nEligibility:\n\nPeople aged 18 years and older with PDS enrolled in protocol 16-AT-0077. Healthy volunteers are also needed.\n\nDesign:\n\nParticipants will have at least 1 clinic visit. They will undergo a test that measures activity in the nerves.\n\nFor the test:\n\nParticipants will place their arm or leg in a comfortable position.\n\nUltrasound will be used to locate nerves. A smooth wand will be slid over the skin to capture images of the structures below.\n\nTwo thin needles will be inserted through the skin. These needles are much smaller than the kind used to draw blood.\n\nThe needles will record nerve activity as different sensations are applied to the skin. These include mild electrical pulses; heat and cold; bending of the knee or elbow; vibration; air puffs; pulling a hair; and tapping, stroking (brushing), stretching, pinching, and pushing on the skin at different levels of force.\n\nEach test takes 5 to 10 minutes. Participants will describe the sensations they feel.\n\nParticipants may opt for an additional test that measures how nerves respond after heat pulses are used to create mild redness on the skin.\n\nResearchers would like at least 2 tests from each person. Participants may return for up to 3 additional visits, if desired, to complete all the testing.",[61],"PIEZO2-Deficiency Syndrome",[63,64,65],"Sensation","TOUCH","Proprioception","RECRUITING",{"date":39,"type":40},{"date":42,"type":21},{"date":70,"type":21},"2026-12-31",{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":73,"slug":74,"hasResults":11,"nctId":75,"briefTitle":76,"officialTitle":77,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":78,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":55,"enrollmentInfo":79,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":22,"phases":81,"briefSummary":83,"conditions":84,"keywords":86,"overallStatus":36,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":37,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":90,"startDateStruct":91,"completionDateStruct":92,"leadSponsor":94,"locationsCount":48},"100053978","human-experimental-models-of-pain-hemp-100053978","NCT07549490","Human Experimental Models of Pain (HEMP)","A Pilot Study for Developing a Comprehensive Signal Detection Approach for the Mechanisms of Action and Analgesic Efficacy of Two Analgesics Using Human Experimental Models of Pain (HEMP)","* INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nFor an individual to be eligible to participate in this study, they must meet all of the following criteria:\n\n* Voluntarily consent to participate and provide written informed consent prior to the start of any study-specific procedures.\n* Read and speak English fluently.\n* State willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study.\n* Are not pregnant or breastfeeding.\n* Are 18 or older years of age at screening.\n* Have a skin type score between 2 and 5 (inclusive) on the Fitzpatrick Scale.\n* Must correctly identify at least nine out of 12 temperatures (32 degrees Celsius, 38 degrees Celsius, 44 degrees Celsius, and 50 degrees Celsius, each presented three times) during the sensory discrimination test at screening.\n* Provide a verbal pain rating between 4 and 9 (inclusive) during the intradermal capsaicin challenge at screening. The study team will verify tolerability, and participants will continue only after it has been confirmed.\n* During the cold pressor test at screening, provide a verbal pain rating between 4 and 9 (inclusive) and keep one hand completely immersed in ice-cold water (1-4 degrees Celsius) between 1 and 4 minutes (inclusive). The study team will verify tolerability, and participants will continue only after it has been confirmed.\n* Are able to learn and perform all quantitative sensory testing QST procedures (see the separate QST manual).\n* Have the ability to take oral medication and be willing to adhere to the study intervention regimen.\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nAn individual who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:\n\n* Have a history or presence of clinically significant cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, hematologic, gastrointestinal, endocrine, immunologic, dermatologic, neurologic, oncologic, or psychiatric disease or any other condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, would jeopardize the safety of the participant or the validity of the study results.\n* Have alcohol or drug dependence (excluding nicotine and caffeine) within the past 2 years, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM IV-TR) and\u002For participants who have ever been in a substance or alcohol rehabilitation program to treat their substance dependence are currently seeking such treatment.\n* Have a clinically significant abnormal finding on the physical exam, medical history, or clinical laboratory results at screening.\n* Have a history of psychotic reactions, a non-psychotic emotional disorder, or another mental illness that, in the opinion of the investigator, may affect the ability of the participant to participate in the study.\n* Have recent history of suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior within the past 6 months, as assessed by the Columbia- Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) at screening (baseline version) or at check-in ( Since Last Visit version).\n* Have a history of allergy or hypersensitivity to pregabalin or other gabapentinoids, naproxen or other NSAIDs, or another ingredient in the study drugs, or anything else that, in the opinion of the Investigator, could put the participant at risk.\n* Have participated in another clinical trial (randomized participants only) within 30 days prior to the first dose of study medication.\n* Use any prescription medication, except hormonal contraceptive or hormonal replacement therapy, from 14 days prior to the first dose of study medication until study participation has ended without evaluation and approval by the Investigator.\n* Donate blood or plasma within 30 days prior to the first dose of study medication until the end of study participation. It is recommended that participants not donate blood or plasma until at least 30 days after their study participation has ended.\n* Female participants who are currently pregnant or breastfeeding, or who are planning to become pregnant during the study or within 30 days after the last study drug administration.\n* Show a positive urine alcohol test at screening.\n* Have smoked or used tobacco- or nicotine-containing products within 30 days prior to the first dose of study treatment until the end of the study.\n* Have an allergy to capsaicin or another capsaicinoid.\n* Have a tattoo, excessive scarring or discoloration, keloid formation, or, at the Investigator s discretion, otherwise unhealthy skin (e.g., eczema, psoriasis, burn, and cut) at a QST site.\n* Have a significant history of nerve injury or damage at a QST site, at the Investigator s discretion.\n* Participants who report any stimulus as intolerable at any point during the screening procedures will be excluded from participation.",{"count":80,"type":21},25,[82],"NA","This pilot study will test an innovative way to establish how pain medicines provide analgesia in healthy adults. The study uses a group of short, controlled pain tests to look at different types of pain responses in the body. The main goal is to find out if this testing approach can show the pain-relieving effects of 2 medicines, pregabalin and naproxen versus placebo, and show how they provide relief of different types of pain.\n\nThe study hypothesis is that this pain testing approach administered as a battery would be able to tell the difference between a medicine that works mainly in the brain and spinal cord (pregabalin) and a medicine that works mainly on inflammation in body tissues (naproxen).\n\nUp to 25 healthy adults will take part. Each participant will receive all 3 study treatments, pregabalin, naproxen, and placebo, administered in random order during separate study periods. The order will be assigned by chance. Neither the participant nor the study team will know which treatment is given at each visit.\n\nThe study includes several experimental pain tests. These include:\n\na heat and capsaicin skin test that causes short-term skin sensitivity,\n\na UVB light test that causes a temporary sunburn-like sensitivity, and\n\na cold pressor test, in which a hand is placed in very cold water for a short time.\n\nParticipants will also have sensory testing to measure how they feel touch, pressure, pinprick, warmth, heat, and cold. Blood samples will be collected to measure study drug levels. Urine samples, vital signs, and other safety checks will also be done.\n\nEach treatment visit includes testing before and for several hours after taking the study drug. There will be a washout period of at least 48 hours between treatments. Total participation may last up to about 10 weeks.\n\nThis study is not expected to provide direct medical benefit to participants. The information learned may help researchers improve early testing of future pain treatments....",[85],"Acute Pain",[87,88,89],"Human Experimental Models of Pain","HCM (Heat\u002FCapsaicin Pain Model)","Pain Mechanisms",{"date":39,"type":40},{"date":42,"type":21},{"date":93,"type":21},"2030-12-31",{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":96,"slug":4,"hasResults":11,"nctId":75,"briefTitle":76,"officialTitle":77,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":78,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":55,"enrollmentInfo":97,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":22,"phases":98,"briefSummary":83,"conditions":99,"keywords":100,"overallStatus":36,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":101,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":102,"startDateStruct":104,"completionDateStruct":106,"leadSponsor":107,"locationsCount":48},"100635192",{"count":80,"type":21},[82],[85],[87,88,89],"2026-07-01",{"date":103,"type":40},"2026-07-02",{"date":105,"type":21},"2026-07-07",{"date":93,"type":21},{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":109,"slug":4,"hasResults":11,"nctId":12,"briefTitle":13,"officialTitle":13,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":14,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":18,"enrollmentInfo":110,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":22,"phases":111,"briefSummary":25,"conditions":112,"keywords":113,"overallStatus":36,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":101,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":114,"startDateStruct":115,"completionDateStruct":116,"leadSponsor":117,"locationsCount":48},"100631739",{"count":20,"type":21},[24],[27],[29,30,31,32,33,34,35],{"date":103,"type":40},{"date":105,"type":21},{"date":44,"type":21},{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":119,"slug":4,"hasResults":11,"nctId":52,"briefTitle":53,"officialTitle":53,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":54,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":55,"enrollmentInfo":120,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":58,"phases":4,"briefSummary":59,"conditions":121,"keywords":122,"overallStatus":66,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":101,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":123,"startDateStruct":124,"completionDateStruct":125,"leadSponsor":126,"locationsCount":48},"100520135",{"count":57,"type":21},[61],[63,64,65],{"date":103,"type":40},{"date":105,"type":21},{"date":70,"type":21},{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":128,"slug":129,"hasResults":11,"nctId":130,"briefTitle":131,"officialTitle":131,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":132,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":18,"enrollmentInfo":133,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":22,"phases":135,"briefSummary":136,"conditions":137,"keywords":139,"overallStatus":66,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":144,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":145,"startDateStruct":147,"completionDateStruct":149,"leadSponsor":151,"locationsCount":48},"100305620","sociocultural--biobehavioral-influences-on-pain-expression-and-assessment-100305620","NCT03258580","Sociocultural & Biobehavioral Influences on Pain Expression and Assessment","* INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nAll Sub-Studies:\n\n* Healthy\n* Between 18 and 60 years old\n* Fluent in English\n* Able to provide written informed consent\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nAll Sub-Studies:\n\n* Unable to comply with study procedures\n* Has a major-medical condition or medical history that in a clinician's assessment could affect ability to comply with study procedures, including neurological conditions (including stroke, blindness or deafness, or a history of brain damage)\n* Has a current mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or substance use disorder, or has a history of psychosis, hospitalization for a mental health condition, or recurrent psychiatric episodes.\n* NIH staff member who is a subordinate\u002Frelative\u002Fco-worker of any investigator on the protocol\n* Prior completion of a different sub-study within this protocol.\n* Is born outside of the states or territories of the United States of America\n* Does not currently reside in a state or territory of the United States of America\n\nSub-study 1:\n\n* Has a major-medical condition or medical history that in a clinician's assessment could affect heat sensitivity or pain thresholds. This may include cardiovascular, autonomic, or neurological conditions or a chronic systemic disease (e.g., diabetes)\n* Has a medical condition that in a clinician's assessment might affect somatosensation (e.g., Raynaud's disease, peripheral neuropathy, or circulatory disorder)\n* Has a current chronic pain condition or has had chronic pain in the past (painful condition lasting more than six months)\n* Has a dermatological condition affecting the testing region, such as scars, burns, or recent tattoos that might influence cutaneous sensibility\n* Regular use of prescription medication that has a significant effect on pain or heat perception. Excluded medications include central-acting agents such as opiates (morphine, tramadol), antidepressants (amitriptyline, duloxetine, milnacipran), anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin), anxiolytics (barbituates, benzodiazepines), hypnotics (zolpidem, sodium oxybate), antipsychotics (valproate, lithium, olanzapine), antimigraine agents (sumatriptan, ergotamine), and muscle relaxants (cyclobenzaprine, carisoprodol). Use of analgesic medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, salicylates, and acetaminophen, taken on an \"as needed\" basis is acceptable as long as the last dose was not taken was within 5 half-lives of testing.\n* Is left handed\n\nSub-study 4, FMRI participants:\n\n* Has a current chronic pain condition or has had chronic pain in the past (painful condition lasting more than six months)\n* Is left-handed\n* Any FMRI contraindications, including:\n\n  * Ferromagnetic metal in the cranial cavity or eye, e.g. aneurysm clip, implanted neural stimulator, cochlear implant, ocular foreign body.\n  * Implanted cardiac pacemaker or auto-defibrillator.\n  * Insulin pump.\n  * Irremovable body piercing.\n* Pregnant women (based on urine test completed within 24 hours prior to scan).\n* Those with an abnormality on a structural MRI that has functional consequences based on clinician assessment.",{"count":134,"type":21},700,[82],"Objective\n\nThe current proposal investigates behavioral, psychophysiological, and social processes that may help explain biases and disparate outcomes in pain. Health disparities, or health outcomes that adversely affect disadvantaged populations, are pervasive and apparent in many diseases and symptoms, including pain. Pain is the number one reason individuals seek medical treatment. Health disparities in pain encompass both differences in pain experience and treatment for pain. For instance, research indicates that Black individuals report increased pain and have reduced pain tolerance relative to White individuals, yet doctors are less likely to treat minority patients pain and underestimate their pain experience. This project aims to address this systemic discrepancy by focusing on interpersonal processes that may contribute to these disparities, including socially-relevant responses to pain (i.e. pain expression) and pain assessment (e.g. visual attention). The proposed research aims to determine whether the study of pain expressions and their assessment can yield insights on how social factors shape pain and its treatment. Further, we test the efficacy of potential interventions designed to improve accuracy and reduce biases in pain assessment. If successful, this work will form the foundation of a new research program that will link the field of pain research with the field of social neuroscience, and forge new insights on the critical problem of health disparities in pain.\n\nStudy population\n\nWe will accrue up to 700 total healthy volunteers to target 240 completers\n\nDesign\n\nOur overall aim is to understand how social factors influence the assessment and management of pain, and to gain insight into psychosocial processes that may underlie health disparities in pain. We propose a series of studies designed to test these links. First, we will measure pain perception and physiological responses to painful stimuli in a diverse group of individuals to test for sociocultural and biological influences on pain and pain-related responses. In subsequent studies, new participants (\"perceivers\") will view images of these initial participants (\"targets\") and will provide estimates of 'targets' pain experience. We will measure a) whether perceivers can accurately estimate 'targets' pain experience; b) whether accuracy differs as a function of similarity between target and perceiver (ingroup vs outgroup); and c) whether individuals can improve accuracy through feedback.\n\nOutcome measures\n\nPrimary outcome measures for all experiments will be decisions about pain (experienced by self or other) measured with visual analogue scales, reaction time, and\u002For categorical judgments (pain\u002Fno pain). We will also measure physiological responses (e.g., facial muscle response, skin conductance, pupil dilation) and brain responses using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as secondary outcome measures. We will test whether pain and pain-related responses varies as a function of sociocultural\u002Fdemographic factors (e.g. race, ethnicity, sex) and whether accuracy in assessing others' pain is influenced by group similarity (i.e. ingroup vs. outgroup) and training (e.g. performance-related feedback)....",[138,27,30],"Normal Physiology",[30,140,141,142,143],"Visual Analogue Pain Scale","Healthy Volunteer","EYE TRACKING","Eye Movement","2026-06-19",{"date":146,"type":40},"2026-06-23",{"date":148,"type":40},"2018-05-09",{"date":150,"type":21},"2027-05-30",{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":153,"slug":154,"hasResults":11,"nctId":155,"briefTitle":156,"officialTitle":156,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":157,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":158,"enrollmentInfo":159,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":22,"phases":161,"briefSummary":162,"conditions":163,"keywords":164,"overallStatus":66,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":168,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":169,"startDateStruct":171,"completionDateStruct":173,"leadSponsor":175,"locationsCount":48},"100243356","neural-and-psychological-mechanisms-of-pain-perception-100243356","NCT02446262","Neural and Psychological Mechanisms of Pain Perception","* INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n* Healthy\n* Between 18 and 50 years old\n* Fluent in English\n* Able to provide written informed consent.\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA (all sub-studies):\n\n* Unable to comply with study procedures or follow-up visits.\n* Has a major medical condition or medical history that in a clinician's assessment could affect heat sensitivity, pain thresholds, or ability to comply with study procedures. This may include cardiovascular, autonomic, or neurological conditions, including stroke, blindness, deafness, a history of brain damage, or a chronic systemic disease (e.g., diabetes).\n* Has a current mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or substance use disorder, or has a history of psychosis, hospitalization for a mental health condition, or recurrent psychiatric episodes.\n* Has a medical condition that in a clinician's assessment might affect somatosensation (e.g., Raynaud's disease, peripheral neuropathy, or circulatory disorder).\n* Has a current chronic pain condition or has had chronic pain in the past (painful condition lasting more than six months).\n* Has a dermatological condition affecting the testing region such as scars, burns, or recent tattoos that might influence cutaneous sensibility.\n* Regular use of prescription medication that has a significant effect on pain or heat perception. Excluded medications include central-acting agents such as opiates (morphine, tramadol), antidepressants (amitriptyline, duloxetine, milnacipran), anticonvulsants (gabapentin, pregabalin), anxiolytics (barbituates, benzodiazepines), hypnotics (zolpidem, sodium oxybate), antipsychotics (valproate, lithium, olanzapine), antimigraine agents (sumatriptan, ergotamine), and muscle relaxants (cyclobenzaprine, carisoprodol). Use of analgesic medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, salicylates, and acetaminophen, taken on an \"as needed\" basis is acceptable as long as the last dose taken was within 5 half-lives of testing.\n* Is pregnant.\n* NIH staff member who is a subordinate\u002Frelative\u002Fco-worker of any investigator on the protocol.\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA (fMRI sub-studies):\n\n* Individuals with conditions that could pose a risk relating to the safety of the fMRI procedure or pain stimulation will be excluded from the MRI portion of the protocol, but may participate in the non-fMRI sessions (with the exception of pregnant women). Such conditions include:\n\n  * Those with ferromagnetic metal in the cranial cavity or eye, e.g. aneurysm clip, implanted neural stimulator, cochlear implant, ocular foreign body.\n  * Those with an abnormality on a structural MRI.\n  * Those with an implanted cardiac pacemaker or auto-defibrillator.\n  * Those with an insulin pump.\n  * Those with irremovable body piercing.\n  * Pregnant women (based on urine test completed within 24 hours prior to scan).\n* Individuals who are left-handed (based on self-report or score on handedness questionnaire) will be excluded from fMRI substudies.\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA (placebo analgesia sub-studies):\n\n-Participation in an NIH study of analgesia, as gleaned from CRIS.","50 Years",{"count":160,"type":21},550,[82],"Background:\n\n\\- Painful stimuli cause changes in a network of brain regions called the \"Pain Matrix.\" But most of these regions respond to many other stimuli, not just pain. Researchers want to understand how different factors influence pain. They want to test what happens when people expect different levels of pain and receive treatments that can modify pain. They want to see if these factors influence decisions about pain and how the body responds to it. They also want to compare pain with responses like taste and vision.\n\nObjectives:\n\n\\- To better understand how pain and emotions are processed and influenced by psychological factors.\n\nEligibility:\n\n\\- Healthy volunteers ages 18-50.\n\nDesign:\n\n* This study requires 1 to 2 clinic visits that last 1 to 3 hours.\n* Participants will be screened with medical history and physical exam.\n* Some participants will have one or more magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of their brain. For MRI, participants will lie on a table that slides in and out of a cylinder. The scanner makes loud knocking noises. They will get earplugs.\n* Participants' heart activity will be recorded with electrocardiogram. Their pulse, sweating, and breathing will be monitored.\n* Some participants will take a taste test. Others may perform simple tasks. Others may receive pain in their arm, leg, or hand. The pain will come from heat or electric shocks. Others may judge pain using a topical pain-relieving cream. Some of these tests may be given during MRI.\n* Participants will fill out questionnaires.\n* The study will last 3 years.",[30,138,27],[30,140,165,166,167],"Placebo","Affective Neuroscience","Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)","2026-05-14",{"date":170,"type":40},"2026-05-15",{"date":172,"type":40},"2015-06-11",{"date":174,"type":21},"2027-02-20",{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":177,"slug":178,"hasResults":11,"nctId":179,"briefTitle":180,"officialTitle":180,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":181,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":182,"maxAge":183,"enrollmentInfo":184,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":58,"phases":4,"briefSummary":186,"conditions":187,"keywords":188,"overallStatus":66,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":191,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":192,"startDateStruct":194,"completionDateStruct":196,"leadSponsor":198,"locationsCount":48},"100263310","clinical-and-scientific-assessment-of-pain-and-painful-disorders-100263310","NCT02707029","Clinical and Scientific Assessment of Pain and Painful Disorders","* INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n* Are \\>= 12 years of age\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\n* Have difficulties with communication that make subjective pain assessment impossible or unreliable.\n* Have acute medical or psychiatric health issues that create additional and substantial adverse risks related to study procedures. Medical examples are the acute complications of medical disease, such as asymptomatic hypertensive urgency, diabetic ketoacidosis, symptomatic hyperthyroidism, and unstable angina. Psychiatric examples are the acute complications of psychiatric disease, such as acute mania, paranoid delusions, or having acute panic attacks.\n* Are participating in other ongoing research protocols such that phenotypic measurements would interfere with the conduct of an ongoing protocols or the receipt of a research treatment would influence the phenotypic measurements.\n* Employees or staff that work at NCCIH.\n* Pregnant women","12 Years","120 Years",{"count":185,"type":21},10000,"Background:\n\nResearchers want to better understand pain by studying people with and without different kinds of pain. To do this, researchers will expose people to pleasant and unpleasant sensations. They will ask them questions about their pain. Researchers also want to see if these people are eligible for other research studies at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.\n\nObjectives:\n\nTo study the experience of pain. Also to find people eligible to join other NIH studies.\n\nEligibility:\n\nPeople 12 years and older with and without pain disorders.\n\nDesign:\n\nParticipants will be screened by phone.\n\nParticipants will have one required visit lasting about 2 hours. This may include:\n\n* Medical history\n* Physical exam\n* Questionnaires about themselves and their pain experience\n* Blood and urine tests\n* MRI: They will lie on a table that slides into a cylinder. They will feel different sensations while completing tasks on a computer. This lasts 15 minutes to 2 hours.\n* Quantitative sensory testing: They will be exposed to different pictures, sounds, tastes, and smells. They will also be exposed to pleasant and unpleasant sensations. These could include:\n\n  * Burning, itching, or cold sensations\n  * Pinpricks\n  * Pressure and pinches\n* Electrocardiogram: Stickers on the chest record heart activity.\n* Straps placed around the chest to measure breathing.\n* Small sensors on the fingers or palms to measure pulse and sweating.\n\nParticipants may have up to 12 other outpatient study visits.\n\nParticipants may be recorded at the visits.",[138,30],[189,30,190],"Screening Protocol","Phenotypes","2026-05-06",{"date":193,"type":40},"2026-05-07",{"date":195,"type":40},"2016-07-22",{"date":197,"type":21},"2027-02-09",{"name":46,"class":47},{"id":200,"slug":201,"hasResults":11,"nctId":202,"briefTitle":203,"officialTitle":203,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":204,"healthyVolunteers":15,"sex":16,"minAge":17,"maxAge":158,"enrollmentInfo":205,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":22,"phases":207,"briefSummary":208,"conditions":209,"keywords":211,"overallStatus":66,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":213,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":214,"startDateStruct":216,"completionDateStruct":218,"leadSponsor":220,"locationsCount":48},"100272100","effects-of-external-ear-stimulation-on-pain-perception-and-mood-100272100","NCT02821741","Effects of External Ear Stimulation on Pain Perception and Mood","* INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nAll subjects must be:\n\n1. between 18 and 50 years old.\n2. fluent in English.\n3. able to provide written informed consent.\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\nOverall exclusion criteria for the study\n\n1. Unable to comply with study procedures or visits (including inability to schedule the second session within 10 business days of the first session).\n2. Is pregnant or breastfeeding.\n3. Has ears with indiscernible structures (e.g., cymba conchae, earlobe) due to congenital malformations, accidents, or physical alterations (e.g., \"gauge\", cartilage piercing).\n4. Has a dermatological condition such as scars or burns, or has had a tattoo in the testing region within the previous four weeks that might influence cutaneous sensibility.\n5. Women who consume more than 7 alcoholic beverages per week, and men who consume more than 14 drinks per week.\n6. Has a current chronic pain condition or has had chronic pain in the past year (painful condition lasting more than six months).\n7. Has a major medical condition, such as kidney, liver, cardiovascular, autonomic, pulmonary, or neurological problems (e.g., epilepsy) or a chronic systemic disease (e.g., diabetes).\n8. Has or had psychiatric disorders such as major depression, major anxiety-related problems, post-traumatic stress syndrome, bipolar disorder, psychosis, or alcohol or substance abuse disorders as identified by the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview questionnaire, which will be administered as part of the screening procedure.\n9. Has a medical condition potentially affecting cardiac functioning (e.g. arrhythmias, bradycardia \\[\\\u003C60 beats per min; determined during screening\\]) or Raynaud s Disease or other medical condition affecting peripheral vascular sensitivity.\n10. Is actively taking medications that are known to interfere with current measurements of pain or autonomic function. These include but are not limited to: opioids, antidepressants (such as tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), anticonvulsants (including gabapentin and pregabalin), and blood pressure medications (including beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors). Participants who have used such medications in the last three months must have ceased taking them for at least one month or three medication half-lives (whichever is longer) in order to be included.\n11. Baseline heat pain threshold exceeds 46 degrees C (to be determined after consent).\n12. Has ever had acupuncture in or around any area of the ears.\n13. NIH employees are subordinates, relatives, or co-workers of the investigators, or NCCIH DIR employees.\n\nExclusion criteria for individual study session\\*\n\n1. Has consumed alcohol within 24 hours, shows signs of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, or has behavioral signs of intoxication.\n2. Has exercised or eaten within two hours of testing session.\n3. Used nicotinic substances (e.g., tobacco, gum, \"e-cigarette\") within 2 hours of testing.\n4. Used topical pain-relieving creams in the testing area (e.g. methylsalicylate, capsaicin) within 24 hours of testing.\n5. Used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS, e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen), acetaminophen, naproxen, sumatriptan within 3 days of testing.\n\n   * To be determined during the pre-session screening. Participants that cannot refrain from these activities may have their session rescheduled up to two times. If the participant is found non-compliant during the second rescheduled appointment, he or she will be excluded from the study.",{"count":206,"type":21},76,[82],"Background:\n\nThe vagus nerve runs from the brain to many organs. Stimulating it can affect the experience of pain. The nerve can be stimulated on the surface of the left ear. Researchers want to study how this stimulation affects the perception of pain. They also want to study how mood affects the experience of pain.\n\nObjective:\n\nTo study the effects of mood and vagus nerve stimulation on the experience of pain.\n\nEligibility:\n\nHealthy people ages 18 and older who are fluent in English\n\nDesign:\n\nParticipants will be pre-screened with a 15-minute phone call.\n\nParticipants will have three 2-hour visits.\n\nAt the screening visit, participants will be screened with:\n\nMedical and psychiatric history\n\nPhysical and psychological exams\n\nQuestionnaires about physical and psychiatric health and mood\n\nUrine tests\n\nA heat probe on the forearm. The temperature will be increased until it is painful\n\nbut tolerable.\n\nParticipants will have 2 testing sessions within 7 days. Before the testing, they cannot do the following:\n\nEat, use nicotine, or exercise for at least 2 hours\n\nDrink alcohol for 24 hours\n\nTake certain medicines for 3 days\n\nTesting includes:\n\nUrine drug screening\n\nLeft ear stimulation: In one session, the vagus nerve will be stimulated. In the other, an area\n\nof the ear away from the vagus nerve will be stimulated. This will be done with mild electric\n\nshocks that cause a tingling, pricking, or itchy feeling.\n\nHeat applied to the forearm until it is painful but tolerable\n\nCompleting several forms on a computer or on paper about how they are feeling\n\nMonitors on the chest and a finger clip to monitor heart, breathing, and blood pressure",[210],"Pain in Healthy Participants",[212],"Sensory Stimulation","2026-04-11",{"date":215,"type":40},"2026-04-14",{"date":217,"type":40},"2016-10-18",{"date":219,"type":21},"2027-03-30",{"name":46,"class":47},""]