[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"health-studies-list:{\"conditionNormalized\":\"opioid-withdrawal\",\"overallStatus\":[\"RECRUITING\",\"AVAILABLE\",\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\"],\"orderBy\":\"LastUpdateSubmitDate:desc\",\"size\":25,\"offset\":0}":3,"health-study-condition:opioid-withdrawal":24},{"pageToken":4,"total":5,"offset":6,"count":5,"results":7},null,7,0,[8,45,83,108,140,167,187],{"id":9,"slug":10,"hasResults":11,"nctId":12,"briefTitle":13,"officialTitle":13,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":14,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":17,"enrollmentInfo":18,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":21,"phases":4,"briefSummary":22,"conditions":23,"keywords":26,"overallStatus":32,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":33,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":34,"startDateStruct":37,"completionDateStruct":39,"leadSponsor":41,"locationsCount":44},"100553549","sensing-physiological-symptoms-of-opioid-withdrawal-and-cravings-in-patients-with-opioid-use-disorder-100553549",false,"NCT06487533","Sensing Physiological Symptoms of Opioid Withdrawal and Cravings in Patients With Opioid Use Disorder","Inclusion Criteria\n\n1. Participant has a recent history of opioid dependence; prescription or non-prescription\n2. Participant is currently taking, or plans to initiate, medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD)\n3. Participant is between 18 and 50 years of age\n4. Participant is English proficient\n5. Participant is able to provide informed consent and function at an intellectual level sufficient for study requirements\n6. Participant is willing to wear wearable sensors for 14 days\n\nExclusion Criteria\n\n1. Participant presents current evidence of an uncontrolled and\u002For clinically significant medical condition or psychiatric condition\n2. Participant has a history of epileptic seizures\n3. Participant has a history of neurological diseases or traumatic brain injury\n4. Participant has recent suicide attempt leading to current hospital admission or continued expressed suicidal ideation\n5. Subject has significant current suicidal ideation within 30 days prior to Screening as evidenced by answering \"yes\" to questions 4 or 5 on the suicidal ideation portion of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) completed at Screening, that, in the opinion of the investigator, warrants exclusion from the trial\n6. Females who are pregnant or lactating\n7. Participant has any other significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion of the Investigator, may either put the participants at risk because of participation in the trial, or may influence the result of the trial, or the participant's ability to participate in the trial","ALL","18 Years","50 Years",{"count":19,"type":20},20,"ESTIMATED","OBSERVATIONAL","The primary objective of this trial is to measure changes in physiologic signals to quantify the status of the autonomic nervous system during opioid withdrawal and cravings.",[24,25],"Opioid Withdrawal","Opioid Use Disorder",[27,28,29,30,31],"Physiological Signals","Opioid","Detoxification","Cravings","Autonomic Nervous System","RECRUITING","2026-06-01",{"date":35,"type":36},"2026-06-02","ACTUAL",{"date":38,"type":36},"2025-02-19",{"date":40,"type":20},"2027-05-31",{"name":42,"class":43},"Spark Biomedical, Inc.","INDUSTRY",2,{"id":46,"slug":47,"hasResults":11,"nctId":48,"briefTitle":49,"officialTitle":50,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":51,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":52,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":54,"phases":55,"briefSummary":57,"conditions":58,"keywords":60,"overallStatus":32,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":74,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":75,"startDateStruct":76,"completionDateStruct":77,"leadSponsor":79,"locationsCount":82},"100599079","sparrow-link-neuromodulation-device-for-opioid-withdrawal-management-in-hospitalized-adults-with-opioid-use-disorder-100599079","NCT07079826","Sparrow Link Neuromodulation Device for Opioid Withdrawal Management in Hospitalized Adults With Opioid Use Disorder","Sparrow Link Device for Opioid Withdrawal Management at UPMC Presbyterian With the Substance Treatment and Recovery Service (STARS; Formerly Addiction Medicine Consult Service)","Inclusion Criteria:\n\nEligible participants must meet at least ONE of the following criteria:\n\n1. Are continuing to experience opioid withdrawal symptoms:\n\n   1. Despite Maximal medical therapy with methadone, buprenorphine, full agonist opioids, or non-opioid medications,\n\n      or\n   2. During tapering or detox from full agonist opioids.\n\n   OR\n2. Have chosen to decline methadone or buprenorphine but still require support for withdrawal symptoms and\u002For pain management.\n\nAdditionally, participants must:\n\n* Be 18 years old or older.\n* Have active history of opioid use disorder.\n* Have a COWS score between 5-24 (Mild-moderate opioid withdrawal), indicating residual withdrawal symptoms.\n* Be able to provide informed consent.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* History of or active seizure disorder.\n* Presence of a cardiac device (e.g., pacemaker, defibrillator).\n* Presence of a neurostimulator (e.g., deep brain stimulator, spinal cord stimulator).\n* Pregnant or lactating individuals.\n* COWS score ≥ 25 (Severe Withdrawal), requiring medical stabilization.\n* Abnormal ear Anatomy, ear Infections, or skin Conditions at Electrode Sites, including congenital malformations, post-surgical changes, significant scarring, open wounds, or hypersensitivity.\n* Active neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other conditions that may interfere with neurostimulation effects or autonomic regulation as assessed at the investigator's discretion.\n* Severe alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal that is not adequately controlled with medication, per investigator discretion.\n* Known or documented allergy to hydrocolloid adhesives, as evidenced in the medical record.\n* Evidence of active psychosis, as documented in the medical record or reported by clinical staff.\n* Non-English speakers, whose limited English proficiency precludes informed consent or meaningful participation in study assessments validated only in English.",{"count":53,"type":20},50,"INTERVENTIONAL",[56],"NA","This study is evaluating the Sparrow Link, a wearable device that delivers gentle electrical signals to nerves in the outer ear (a technique known as transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation, or tAN). The goal is to assess whether the device is feasible to use, acceptable to patients, and may help reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms in hospitalized adults being treated for opioid use disorder (OUD). Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either the active device or a sham (inactive) version. Neither participants nor their clinical teams will know which version is used. All participants will continue receiving standard hospital care for opioid withdrawal. Researchers will collect information on how long participants use the device, whether they stop using it early, and changes in withdrawal severity. The study will also examine pain, craving, mood, anxiety, heart rate variability, and opioid use during hospitalization.",[24,59],"Opioid Use Disorder (OUD)",[61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73],"transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation","Sparrow Link","tAN","vagus nerve stimulation","trigeminal nerve stimulation","neuromodulation","Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale","opioid craving","inpatient addiction care","withdrawal management","Addiction Medicine","anxiety","depression","2026-05-27",{"date":33,"type":36},{"date":74,"type":36},{"date":78,"type":20},"2027-12",{"name":80,"class":81},"Payel Roy","OTHER",1,{"id":84,"slug":85,"hasResults":11,"nctId":86,"briefTitle":87,"officialTitle":88,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":89,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":90,"enrollmentInfo":91,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":54,"phases":93,"briefSummary":95,"conditions":96,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":32,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":99,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":100,"startDateStruct":102,"completionDateStruct":104,"leadSponsor":106,"locationsCount":82},"100478587","phase-2-evaluating-buspirone-to-treat-opioid-withdrawal-100478587","NCT05511909","Evaluating Buspirone to Treat Opioid Withdrawal","Evaluating a Mechanistically-Supported Pharmacotherapy to Treat Opioid Withdrawal","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Aged 18-75\n* Opioid positive urine sample\n* Current moderate-severe opioid use disorder with evidence of physical dependence\n* Interested in undergoing opioid detoxification\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Being pregnant or breastfeeding\n* Enrolled in methadone or buprenorphine maintenance treatment\n* Allergic to study medication or taking medications that are contraindicated with study medication (e.g., CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers and\u002For monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors)\n* Significant mental health or physical disorder, or life circumstance, that is expected to interfere with study participation (detailed further in protection of human subjects form).\n* Hypotension and\u002For prolonged QTc interval","75 Years",{"count":92,"type":20},100,[94],"PHASE2","The investigators propose a rigorous, Phase II, three-group, placebo-controlled double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy of buspirone for both withdrawal and craving among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) undergoing a standardized stepwise taper. During this 10 to 12-day residential study, participants with OUD will be enrolled, stabilized on a short-acting opioid, undergo an opioid stepwise taper, and complete a post-taper observation period where participants will have the opportunity to initiate long-term buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone.",[25,24,97,98],"Opioid Craving","Anxiety","2026-04-27",{"date":101,"type":36},"2026-05-01",{"date":103,"type":36},"2023-03-15",{"date":105,"type":20},"2027-03-31",{"name":107,"class":81},"University of Maryland, Baltimore",{"id":109,"slug":110,"hasResults":11,"nctId":111,"briefTitle":112,"officialTitle":113,"acronym":114,"eligibilityCriteria":115,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":4,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":116,"targetDuration":118,"studyType":21,"phases":4,"briefSummary":119,"conditions":120,"keywords":124,"overallStatus":32,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":131,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":132,"startDateStruct":134,"completionDateStruct":136,"leadSponsor":138,"locationsCount":82},"100628833","cedrn-opioid-registry-100628833","NCT07466784","CEDRN: Opioid Registry","Optimizing Outcomes for Patients Presenting to Emergency Departments With Opioid Poisoning","CEDRN OUD","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. All patients who arrive at the emergency department with the following emergency department discharge diagnosis:\n\n   * Percocet Overdose\n   * Oxycontin Overdose\n   * Oxycodone Overdose\n   * Opioid Overdose or Intoxication\n   * Methadone Overdose\n   * Heroin Overdose\n   * Fentanyl Overdose\n   * Codeine Overdose\n   * Carfentanil Overdose\n   * Opioid Withdrawal\n2. All patients who arrive at the emergency department who had the following medication ordered in the present visit or previous hospital visits in the past 2 years:\n\n   * Buprenorphine\n   * Buprenorphine-naloxone\n   * Methadone - Past ED or IP encounter\n   * Kadian\u002FMorphine long-acting\n   * Naloxone\n   * Naloxone kit\n3. All patients who arrive at the emergency department with the following impatient discharge diagnosis:\n\n   * Opioid use disorder (mild\u002Fmoderate\u002Fsevere, abuse\u002Fdependence), or opioid-related disorders\n   * Adverse effect, and poisoning by polysubstance use\n   * Opioid intoxication or withdrawal\n   * Intoxication or withdrawal (from any substance, including unspecified ones)\n   * Adverse effect, and poisoning by opioids, benzodiazepines, other antiepileptic and sedative-hypnotic drugs, and unspecified drugs\n   * Any psychoactive substance abuse resulting in intoxication, withdrawal, or any adverse effects",{"count":117,"type":20},7200,"1 Year","Unregulated opioids remain a leading driver of preventable mortality and potential years of life lost in Canada. Emergency departments (EDs)-open 24\u002F7 and frequently accessed by people who use drugs-offer critical opportunities to reverse toxicity, mitigate harm, and initiate treatment. Yet, high quality evidence to guide ED care for patients with opioid poisoning and concomitant opioid dependence or opioid use disorder is limited. The investigators aim to establish a pan Canadian registry of patients presenting to EDs with opioid poisoning to generate timely, practice informing evidence. The investigators will create the Canadian Emergency Department Research Network (CEDRN) Opioid Registry across participating EDs nationwide. Using automated screening of electronic health records (EHRs), the investigators will identify consecutive patients of all ages with suspected or confirmed opioid poisoning at their index ED visit. The project's objectives are to establish a pan-Canadian registry of Emergency Department patients presenting with opioid poisoning, harmonize data collection across participating sites, describe variations in patient characteristics, clinical practice and outcomes, and derive a clinical decision rule to predict the risk of dying within 60 days. The expected outcomes include advancing healthcare delivery, improving patient and provider experiences, and enhancing population health and health system sustainability for individuals with opioid poisoning. This research is crucial for addressing the opioid crisis in Canada and has the potential to significantly impact patient care and outcomes.",[25,121,24,122,123],"Opioid Abuse or Dependence","Polysubstance Drug Use (Indiscriminate Drug Use)","Polysubstance Abuse",[125,126,127,128,129,130],"Opioid use disorder","Opioid poisoning","CEDRN Opioid Registry","Opioid dependence","polysubstance abuse","polysubstance drug use","2026-03-09",{"date":133,"type":36},"2026-03-12",{"date":135,"type":36},"2025-07-24",{"date":137,"type":20},"2030-12-31",{"name":139,"class":81},"University of British Columbia",{"id":141,"slug":142,"hasResults":11,"nctId":143,"briefTitle":144,"officialTitle":145,"acronym":146,"eligibilityCriteria":147,"healthyVolunteers":148,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":149,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":54,"phases":151,"briefSummary":153,"conditions":154,"keywords":156,"overallStatus":32,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":158,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":159,"startDateStruct":161,"completionDateStruct":163,"leadSponsor":165,"locationsCount":82},"100550092","phase-1-action-trial-of-adding-buprenorphine-cbt-and-tms-to-improve-outcomes-of-long-term-opioid-therapy-for-chronic-pain-100550092","NCT06442566","ACTION: Trial of Adding Buprenorphine, CBT, and TMS to Improve Outcomes of Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain","Sequential Trial of Adding Buprenorphine, Cognitive Behavioral Treatment, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Outcomes of Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain (ACTION)","ACTION","Inclusion criteria:\n\nAge \\>\u002F= 18 years\n\nEnglish-speaking\n\nOn LTOT, defined as taking daily prescription opioid therapy for 90 days or more\n\nPast week average morphine equivalent dose (MED) \\>\u002F= 20mg\n\nWilling and able to complete written informed consent\n\nWilling and able to use a mobile\u002Fcell phone\n\nHave at least one additional risk for opioid toxicity or overdose from the following list:\n\nOpioid Toxicity or Overdose Risks:\n\n1. Taking benzodiazepines with opioids\n2. Substance Use Disorder diagnosis \\[non-tobacco; Opioid Risk Tool\\]\n\n2\\) Having ever experienced an overdose 4) Current major medical problem \\[e.g. mod-severe liver disease, pancreatitis, chronic pulmonary disease, untreated sleep apnea, hospitalized for an acute medical issue in the past 6 months\\]a,b 5) Response to BPI Item 8 \\\u003C30%, suggesting less than moderately clinically meaningful response to pain treatmentc 6) Co-morbid psychiatric diagnosis \\[Opioid Risk Tool\\] 7) Signs of opioid misuse \\[any score \\>0 on the following COMM Items: 3,4,5,9,10,11,14,15,16\\] 8)Opioid Risk Tool \\>3 or Current Opioid Misuse Measure ≥ 9 9) Struggling with any of the following side effects from opioids \\[self-report\\]\n\n1. Dizziness and\u002For falls\n2. Difficult-to-manage stomach pain, nausea, constipation or GI issues\n3. Fatigue or low energy\n4. Sleepiness or sedation\n5. Trouble with memory or thinking clearly \\[COMM Item 1\\>0\\]\n6. Other troublesome side effect \\[open answer\\]\n\nExclusion criteria:\n\nKnown allergy to buprenorphine\n\nActive moderate or severe substance use disorder with the exception of those listed below:\n\n1. . Those with nicotine use disorder.\n2. . Those meeting criteria for prescription opioid use disorder using only prescribed opioids will be considered on a case-by-case basis.\n\nCognitive disorder limiting ability to consent or fully participate in the brief cognitive intervention\n\nReceiving methadone or buprenorphine treatment for OUD or pain\n\nTaking naltrexone\n\nPregnancy\n\nCurrently incarcerated\n\nTaking medications that prolong QTc interval, as determined by study investigators\n\nPersonal\u002Fimmediate family history of Long QT Syndrome.\n\nSignificant or unstable condition\u002Fs or treatments that may impact safe participation in the study (as determined by the study investigators) such as significant cardiac condition (e.g. poorly-controlled heart failure, current or past cardiac arrhythmia, sustained systolic blood pressure \\>180), significant metabolic disorder (e.g. labile diabetes, significant electrolyte abnormality), cancer (e.g. brain cancer, chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment), major psychiatric disorder (e.g. active bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder, suicidal\u002Fhomicidal intent within the past month, or any suicide attempts within the past year or current active suicidal ideation, as determined by medical clinician), developmental disorder (e.g. autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability), or other neurologic disease (e.g. movement disorder, multiple sclerosis, moderate to severe brain injury).\n\nEnrolled in a clinical trial or has received an investigational medication or device in the last 30 days.\n\nTMS contraindications (e.g., ferromagnetic implants, conditions or treatments that lower seizure threshold, taking contraindicated medications, no identifiable motor threshold, as determined by study investigators).",true,{"count":150,"type":20},240,[152,94],"PHASE1","This study will sequentially evaluate three novel and scalable interventions for at-risk individuals on long term opioid therapy for chronic pain: (1) low-dose transdermal buprenorphine initiation without a period of opioid withdrawal; (2) a brief Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for pain (CBI); and (3) \"accelerated\" rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, by examining standardized repeated measures of clinical outcomes at baseline, during treatment, and at 4-, 12-, 24- and 52-week follow-up.",[24,155],"Chronic Pain",[157],"opioids, long-term opioid use, chronic pain, TMS","2025-11-03",{"date":160,"type":36},"2025-11-05",{"date":162,"type":36},"2024-08-12",{"date":164,"type":20},"2029-03-31",{"name":166,"class":81},"Medical University of South Carolina",{"id":168,"slug":169,"hasResults":11,"nctId":170,"briefTitle":171,"officialTitle":171,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":172,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":173,"enrollmentInfo":174,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":54,"phases":176,"briefSummary":177,"conditions":178,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":32,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":179,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":180,"startDateStruct":182,"completionDateStruct":184,"leadSponsor":186,"locationsCount":82},"100441404","phase-2-assessing-a-clinically-meaningful-opioid-withdrawal-phenotype-100441404","NCT05027919","Assessing a Clinically-meaningful Opioid Withdrawal Phenotype","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* 18 years - 65 year old\n* Opioid-positive urine sample\n* Current opioid use disorder with evidence of physical dependence\n* Interest in undergoing opioid taper\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Evidence of physical dependence on alcohol or benzodiazepines that requires medical intervention\n* Being pregnant or breastfeeding\n* Enrolled in methadone or buprenorphine maintenance treatment\n* Clinically significant hypotension (\\\u003C90\u002F60mmHg) or bradycardia (\\\u003C45bpm)\n* History of myocardial infarction\n* Subjects who are positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and\u002For hepatitis C antibody with liver function tests outside the normal range (persons with a positive hepatitis C antibody and normal liver functions tests are NOT excluded from the study)\n* Significant mental health or physical disorder, or life circumstances, that is expected to interfere with study participation","65 Years",{"count":175,"type":20},60,[94],"Evaluate individual differences in the expression of opioid withdrawal symptoms in persons with opioid use disorder (OUD) while completing a clinically-indicated medication taper.",[24,25,97],"2025-09-05",{"date":181,"type":36},"2025-09-12",{"date":183,"type":36},"2021-12-01",{"date":185,"type":20},"2027-02-28",{"name":107,"class":81},{"id":188,"slug":189,"hasResults":11,"nctId":190,"briefTitle":191,"officialTitle":192,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":193,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":173,"enrollmentInfo":194,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":54,"phases":195,"briefSummary":196,"conditions":197,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":32,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":199,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":200,"startDateStruct":202,"completionDateStruct":204,"leadSponsor":206,"locationsCount":82},"100481935","understanding-the-effects-of-transcutaneous-auricular-neurostimulation-for-treatment-of-chronic-pain-100481935","NCT05555485","Understanding the Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Neurostimulation for Treatment of Chronic Pain","Understanding the Mechanistic, Neurophysiological, and Antinociceptive Effects of Transcutaneous Auricular Neurostimulation for Treatment of Chronic Pain","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Males and females between 18 and 65 years of age\n* Participant is able to provide informed consent and function at an intellectual level sufficient for study requirements\n* Presence of pain on more than half of the days in the last six months\n* Must have proof of prescribed medication by either showing a prescription bottle with the individual's name or the presence of a prescription on the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP)\n* Willingness to taper opioid dose by at least 10%\n* Patient or provider requests opioid dose reduction or discontinuation.\n* Urine Drug Screen (UDS) must be positive for their prescribed opioid\n* Urine Drug Test must be negative for illicit drugs, benzodiazepines, and nonprescribed opioids\n* Must agree to use nicotine patches and\u002For gum instead of smoking or vaping in the UTMB facilities\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Currently receiving treatment for cancer\n* Participant has a history of epileptic seizures\n* Participant has a history of neurological diseases or traumatic brain injury\n* Participant has abnormal ear anatomy or current ear infection present\n* Participant has presence of devices, e.g., pacemakers, cochlear prosthesis, neurostimulators\n* Currently receiving a prescription benzodiazepine medication\n* Current prescription opioid dose \\>50 MME\u002Fday\n* Current abuse of illicit drugs or alcohol (nicotine use is acceptable).\n* Surgery within the previous month\n* Report of suicide attempt or psychiatric hospitalization in the past 10 years.\n* Current suicidal ideation with specific plan or intent\n* Women of childbearing potential not using adequate contraception as per investigator judgment or not willing to comply with contraception for the duration of the study\n* Females who are pregnant or lactating\n* Participant has any other significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion of the Investigator, may either put the participants at risk because of participation in the trial, or may influence the result of the trial, or the participant's ability to participate in the trial",{"count":175,"type":20},[56],"The purpose of the study is to find out how a stimulation device worn on the ear works. This device is thought to stimulate nerves in the area around the ear to change the signals in the brain. The device has been shown to reduce pain and to reduce the symptoms of withdrawal. The investigator will also investigate changes in the way each participant perceive sensations of pressure and heat. The participant will be asked to reduce the amount of pain medication that they take. Then, the participant will spend several days and nights in the Clinical Research Center at UTMB (University of Texas Medical Branch) in Galveston. During that time, the participant will be monitored for withdrawal symptoms and will receive either active (e.g., \"real\") brain stimulation or sham (e.g., \"fake\") brain stimulation for two days (four hours each day). At two times over the course of the study (before and after ear stimulation treatment), the participant will complete questionnaires about their pain score and how they are feeling, sensory testing, and will undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of their brain. The investigator will collect the following information from the participant's medical record: age, gender, medication history, medical diagnoses, recent vital signs, past doctor visits or hospital stays, and results of urine drug tests. Participation in this study will last approximately four days, and the participant will stay in the Clinical Research Center.",[24,198],"Analgesia","2025-06-05",{"date":201,"type":36},"2025-06-10",{"date":203,"type":36},"2023-05-24",{"date":205,"type":20},"2027-09-30",{"name":207,"class":81},"The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston"]