[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"health-studies-list:{\"conditionNormalized\":\"pharmacogenomic-drug-interaction\",\"overallStatus\":[\"RECRUITING\",\"AVAILABLE\",\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\"],\"orderBy\":\"LastUpdateSubmitDate:desc\",\"size\":25,\"offset\":0}":3,"health-study-condition:pharmacogenomic-drug-interaction":35},{"pageToken":4,"total":5,"offset":6,"count":5,"results":7},null,7,0,[8,54,79,110,146,178,211],{"id":9,"slug":10,"hasResults":11,"nctId":12,"briefTitle":13,"officialTitle":14,"acronym":15,"eligibilityCriteria":16,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":18,"maxAge":19,"enrollmentInfo":20,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":24,"briefSummary":26,"conditions":27,"keywords":36,"overallStatus":41,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":42,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":43,"startDateStruct":46,"completionDateStruct":48,"leadSponsor":50,"locationsCount":53},"100558681","phase-1-pharmacogenomic-contributions-to-trihexyphenidyl-biotransformation-and-response-in-children-with-dystonic-cerebral-palsy-100558681",false,"NCT06554288","Pharmacogenomic Contributions to Trihexyphenidyl Biotransformation and Response in Children With Dystonic Cerebral Palsy","Pharmacogenomic Contribution to the Biotransformation of Trihexyphenidyl and Development of a Precision Dosing Model for Children With Dystonia and Cerebral Palsy","TRIKE2","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Ages 5-17 years of age\n* Diagnosis of cerebral palsy and dystonia causing interference\n* Parent\u002Flegal guardian of a child with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy and dystonia\n* Parent\u002Flegal guardian is willing and able to provide informed permission\u002Fassent for the study\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Previously or currently taking trihexyphenidyl\n* Patients turning 18 years of age within the study period (16 weeks from Study Day 1)\n* A language barrier for the patient that precludes communication and\u002For the ability to complete study-related requirements","ALL","5 Years","17 Years",{"count":21,"type":22},40,"ESTIMATED","INTERVENTIONAL",[25],"PHASE1","This study looks at how a medicine called trihexyphenidyl works in children with dystonic cerebral palsy. The study aims to understand how trihexyphenidyl is broken down and used in the body of pediatric patients and whether this is impacted by a person's genetics. Information from this study will also be used to design future clinical trials.",[28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35],"Pediatric Disorder","Genetic Predisposition","Dystonia, Secondary","Dystonia","Cerebral Palsy, Dystonic-Rigid","Cerebral Palsy, Dyskinetic","Trihexyphenidyl Adverse Reaction","Pharmacogenomic Drug Interaction",[37,38,31,39,40],"Pediatric","Cerebral Palsy","Pharmacogenomics","Trihexyphenidyl","RECRUITING","2026-06-19",{"date":44,"type":45},"2026-06-24","ACTUAL",{"date":47,"type":45},"2024-10-15",{"date":49,"type":22},"2029-12-31",{"name":51,"class":52},"Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City","OTHER",1,{"id":55,"slug":56,"hasResults":11,"nctId":57,"briefTitle":58,"officialTitle":58,"acronym":59,"eligibilityCriteria":60,"healthyVolunteers":61,"sex":17,"minAge":62,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":63,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":65,"briefSummary":67,"conditions":68,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":41,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":69,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":70,"startDateStruct":72,"completionDateStruct":74,"leadSponsor":76,"locationsCount":78},"100550516","trial-of-precision-medicine-in-emergency-departments-100550516","NCT06448091","Trial of Precision Medicine in Emergency Departments","TOPMEDs","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Adults 40 years or older presenting to a participating ED\n2. Receipt of a new order\u002Fprescription for a selected PGx medication (Appendix 1), with a duration greater than 7 days, during the current ED visit or within 30 days prior.\n3. Documentation of at least 2 prior ED or urgent care visits within the past 12 months\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Prior clinical pharmacogenetic test results within the EHR for genes relevant for this study (Appendix 1).\n2. History of hepatic or renal transplant\n3. History of severe liver disease (stage Child-Pugh C) or renal disease eGFR \\\u003C15 ml\u002Fmin.\n4. Any medical condition that would prohibit the ability to complete the study\n5. Prisoners, wards of the state, or patients being held under the Baker Act or Marchman Act\n6. Life expectancy less than 6 months",true,"40 Years",{"count":64,"type":22},1200,[66],"NA","The objectives of this study are to (1) test the feasibility of the clinical implementation of preemptive pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in the emergency department (ED) and (2) determine if PGx testing (with appropriate decision support) decreases ED return visits and hospitalizations. We will conduct a randomized, controlled, pragmatic clinical trial assessing both the real-world effectiveness as well as implementation outcomes using a targeted PGx testing panel in several UF Health EDs.",[35],"2026-06-08",{"date":71,"type":45},"2026-06-10",{"date":73,"type":45},"2025-03-18",{"date":75,"type":22},"2029-02-01",{"name":77,"class":52},"University of Florida",3,{"id":80,"slug":81,"hasResults":11,"nctId":82,"briefTitle":83,"officialTitle":84,"acronym":85,"eligibilityCriteria":86,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":87,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":88,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":90,"briefSummary":91,"conditions":92,"keywords":93,"overallStatus":41,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":100,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":101,"startDateStruct":103,"completionDateStruct":105,"leadSponsor":107,"locationsCount":109},"100585854","pre-emptive-pharmacogenomics-in-acute-care-settings-with-health-economic-evaluations-phoenix-trial-100585854","NCT06907784","PRE-EMPTIVE PHARMACOGENOMICS IN ACUTE CARE SETTINGS WITH HEALTH ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS (PHOENIX TRIAL)","PHOENIX TRIAL - A PILOT RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PRE-EMPTIVE PHARMACOGENOMICS IN ACUTE CARE SETTINGS WITH HEALTH ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS","PHOENIX","Inclusion Criteria INPATIENTS Age ≥18 years\n\n* Capable of giving informed consent directly or via a legal representative (e.g., next of kin, welfare guardian, health care power of attorney).\n* Participants who are newly prescribed one of the trial-eligible index drugs during their hospital stay may be approached for consent. Consent should be obtained within 3 days of the first dose of the index drug being administered. If there is a clear clinical plan documented on HEPMA indicating that the patient will be started on an eligible drug (but has not yet received the first dose), consent may be obtained in anticipation. However, formal trial enrolment will only occur once the first dose of the index drug has been administered.\n* Participant is able to provide a cheek swab\n* Participant is able to take part and be followed-up for at least 12 weeks.\n* Participant is resident in NHSGGC health board area OUTPATIENTS\n* Age ≥18 years\n* Capable of giving informed consent directly or via a legal representative (e.g., next of kin, welfare guardian, health care power of attorney).\n* Participants who are expected to be prescribed a trial-eligible drug during their outpatient clinic visit may be approached for consent prior to starting the medication. In these cases, formal trial enrolment will only occur once the patient has confirmed that they have received and started the prescribed medication\n* Participant must not have a prescription for this drug in the previous 3 months.\n* Participant is able to provide a cheek swab\n* Participant is able to take part and be followed-up for at least 12 weeks.\n* Participant is resident in NHSGGC health board area.\n\nExclusion Criteria INPATIENTS\n\n* Inability to give informed consent directly or via a legal representative.\n* Non-English speakers without translation support.\n* Participants co-enrolled in other trials where a medication is one of the index drug is part of the trial protocol.\n* Inability to give informed consent directly or via a legal representative.\n* Non-English speakers without translation support.\n* Participants co-enrolled in other trials where a medication is one of the index drug is part of the trial protocol.\n* Life expectancy estimated to be less than 6 months by treating clinical team.\n* Severe illness limiting participation (investigator discretion).\n* Duration of index drug total treatment length is planned to be less than five consecutive days.\n* Not registered with a General Practitioner.\n* No fixed address.\n* Participant is, in the opinion of the Investigator, not suitable to participate in the trial.\n* Participant has existing impaired hepatic or renal function for which a lower dose of the index drug or alternate selection of the index drug is already part of current routine care.\n* Estimated glomerular filtration rate greater than 15 ml\u002Fmin\u002F1.73m2 (except for participants with a renal transplant commenced on tacrolimus, who may be included regardless of eGFR, provided they are not on dialysis).eGFR result obtained at screening or within the last 6 months or patients record confirming history of CKD 5\n* Participants on any form of dialysis.\n* Participant with advanced liver failure (stage Child-Pugh C).\n* Participants with liver transplant.\n* Participants with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant.\n* Participants previously enrolled in the PHOENIX trial.\n* Participant who has declined participation and has declined reapproach for subsequent drugs.\n* Index drug exceeding trial drug cap. OUTPATIENTS\n* Inability to give informed consent directly or via a legal representative.\n* Non-English speakers without translation support.\n* Participants co-enrolled in other trials where a medication is one of the index drug is part of the trial protocol.\n* Life expectancy estimated to be less than 6 months by treating clinical team.\n* Severe illness limiting participation (investigator discretion).\n* Duration of index drug total treatment length is planned to be less than seven consecutive days.\n* Not registered with a General Practitioner.\n* No fixed address.\n* Participant is, in the opinion of the Investigator, not suitable to participate in the trial.\n* Participant has existing impaired hepatic or renal function for which a lower dose or alternate drug selection is already part of current routine care.\n* Estimated glomerular filtration rate greater than 15 ml\u002Fmin\u002F1.73m2 (except for participants with a renal transplant commenced on tacrolimus, who may be included regardless of eGFR, provided they are not on dialysis)..eGFR result obtained at screening or within the last 6 months or patients record confirming history of CKD 5.\n* Participants on any form of dialysis.\n* Participant with advanced liver failure (stage Child-Pugh C).\n* Participants with liver transplant.\n* Participants with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant.\n* Participants previously enrolled in the PHOENIX trial.\n* Participant who has declined participation and has declined reapproach for subsequent drugs.\n* Index drug exceeding trial drug cap.\n\nRe-approach Criteria: Previously declined patients will only be re-approached in subsequent admissions six-months after the first approach.\n\n\\* We wish to ensure that no more than 20% of participants are included on the basis of any single index drug. The numbers recruited on each index drug will be monitored and recruitment on specific drugs may be limited, or paused, at times throughout the study. This process will be administered by the Trial Management group, and monitored by the Trial Steering Committee.","18 Years",{"count":89,"type":22},2000,[66],"It is known that individuals respond differently to the same medicine with some people benefitting, some experiencing no effect and others suffering side-effects or even coming to harm. Some of the differences in response to medications can be explained by our genes. Genes are short sections of DNA. Each individual has over 20,000 different genes. Genes carry instructions for making the proteins needed to build things within the body including the sites where medicines act. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how our genes affect the way our body responds to medications.\n\nDoctors can test for gene variations that might put an individual at risk of severe side-effects or mean that they are likely to receive no benefit from a specific medicine. Though not widely available in the NHS, testing allows doctors and patients to chose a different dose or avoid the medicine completely. It is estimated that almost everyone in the population (\\>95%) carries at least one gene variation that affects our response to medicines.\n\nThe PHOENIX study will recruit 4,000 participants who are admitted to hospital or attend an outpatient clinic who require a new drug prescription. The new drug prescription will be one who known pharmacogenomic implications. A cheek (buccal) swab will be taken which can be used to test a large number of genes known to alter the response to medicines. Around half of the participants will be tested immediately whilst the other half will have the test after three months. The results of the test relevant to each patients new prescription will enable the doctor prescribing to determine if any changes to that medicine would be beneficial. Information will be collected about participants quality of life, subsequent admissions to hospital, medication changes and side-effects. An assessment of cost saving to the NHS will also be made.",[35],[94,95,96,97,98,99],"Gene-drug","Gene panel","Polypharmacy","Adverse drug reaction","Health economics","pharmacogenomics","2026-04-20",{"date":102,"type":45},"2026-04-21",{"date":104,"type":45},"2025-04-09",{"date":106,"type":22},"2026-09-30",{"name":108,"class":52},"NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde",5,{"id":111,"slug":112,"hasResults":11,"nctId":113,"briefTitle":114,"officialTitle":115,"acronym":116,"eligibilityCriteria":117,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":87,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":118,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":120,"briefSummary":121,"conditions":122,"keywords":126,"overallStatus":136,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":137,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":138,"startDateStruct":140,"completionDateStruct":142,"leadSponsor":144,"locationsCount":53},"100621657","an-evaluation-of-the-impact-of-pharmacist-comprehensive-medication-management-with-pharmacogenomic-results-to-improve-depression-outcomes-in-community-pharmacies-100621657","NCT07373470","An Evaluation of the Impact of Pharmacist Comprehensive Medication Management With Pharmacogenomic Results to Improve Depression Outcomes in Community Pharmacies.","Genotype-guided Comprehensive Medication Management to Improve Depression Outcomes in Pennsylvania","COMPASS-PGx","INCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\n* At targeted community pharmacy for:\n\n  * New prescription or change in dose\u002Fschedule of SSRI (citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, paroxetine), OR\n  * Concurrent SSRI (citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, paroxetine) and new prescription\u002Fchange in SNRI (desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, and venlafaxine) \u002F bupropion.\n* Depressive symptoms confirmed by PHQ8 assessment (\\>5 indicating at least mild depressive symptoms)\n* UPMC patient (or able\u002Fwilling to become one) and has UPMC provider (or able\u002Fwilling to obtain one)\n* Signed consent to join Pitt+Me Discovery biobanking research study.\n* English-speaking\n\nEXCLUSION CRITERIA:\n\n* Inability to receive CMM at specific pharmacy\u002Fpharmacist\n* Comorbid diagnosis of schizophrenia (patient-reported)\n* Untreated sleep disorder (patient-reported)\n* Pitt+Me Discovery participant who has elected to not receive return of results, or who has already received results previously",{"count":119,"type":22},220,[66],"The goal of this prospective, randomized clinical trial is to learn whether pharmacogenomic (PGx)-guided comprehensive medication management delivered by pharmacists in community pharmacies will improve antidepressant treatment outcomes.\n\nThe primary aim is to determine whether comprehensive medication management with review of PGx testing results improves depression symptoms, compared with usual care.\n\nParticipants 18 years of age or older who have undergone PGx testing (e.g. through an independent biobanking study (Pitt+Me Discovery) who require initiation or adjustment of antidepressant therapy will be randomly assigned to receive either PGx-guided comprehensive medication management or usual care. Those who receive usual care will receive their PGx results at the end of the study. Researchers will compare the groups to assess whether PGx-guided care provided in partnership with community pharmacists and prescribers results in better depression and medication outcomes.",[123,124,35,125],"Pharmacogenetics","Depression - Major Depressive Disorder","Community Pharmacy Services",[127,99,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135],"precision medicine","PGx","Comprehensive medication management","pharmacist","community pharmacy","medication review","antidepressants","pharmacogenomic testing","management of depression","NOT_YET_RECRUITING","2026-04-06",{"date":139,"type":45},"2026-04-08",{"date":141,"type":22},"2026-04",{"date":143,"type":22},"2026-12-31",{"name":145,"class":52},"University of Pittsburgh",{"id":147,"slug":148,"hasResults":11,"nctId":149,"briefTitle":150,"officialTitle":150,"acronym":151,"eligibilityCriteria":152,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":17,"minAge":153,"maxAge":154,"enrollmentInfo":155,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":157,"briefSummary":158,"conditions":159,"keywords":165,"overallStatus":41,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":169,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":170,"startDateStruct":172,"completionDateStruct":174,"leadSponsor":176,"locationsCount":53},"100609612","the-geriatric-emergency-department-pharmacologic-harm-prevention-project-100609612","NCT07216846","The Geriatric Emergency Department Pharmacologic Harm Prevention Project","GREAT PHARM","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients over the age of 65 with a ground level fall\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* hospice and\u002For DNR status.","65 Years","110 Years",{"count":156,"type":22},1000,[66],"The goal of this project is to determine whether pharmacogenomic testing (using participants' DNA) can help optimize medication prescribing and reduce side effects in older adults taking five or more medications.\n\nThe main questions it aims to answer are:\n\n* Can DNA-based prescribing reduce medication-related side effects, especially falls and fall-related injuries?\n* Does providing pharmacogenomic results to primary care physicians improve medication safety compared with usual care?\n\nResearchers will compare two groups:\n\n1. DNA Care Pathway: Physicians receive patients' DNA results to guide prescribing.\n2. Emergency Department Care Pathway: Physicians provide usual care; DNA results are shared only after study completion.\n\nParticipants will:\n\n* Provide a cheek swab sample for DNA analysis (1 minute).\n* Receive monthly follow-up phone calls for 6 months to track falls, injuries, medication changes, and side effects.\n* Complete a fall and medication calendar.\n* Allow researchers to review primary care physician medical records for study outcomes.\n\nApproximately 1,000 participants will take part, with follow-up lasting about 6-7 months.",[160,161,162,163,35,164],"Fall","Fall Accident","Poly Pharmacy","Adverse Drug Events","Pharmacogenomic Testing",[160,166,167,168],"Geriatric","Pharmacogenomic","adverse drug event","2026-01-07",{"date":171,"type":45},"2026-01-08",{"date":173,"type":45},"2026-01-01",{"date":175,"type":22},"2027-12-31",{"name":177,"class":52},"Florida Atlantic University",{"id":179,"slug":180,"hasResults":11,"nctId":181,"briefTitle":182,"officialTitle":183,"acronym":184,"eligibilityCriteria":185,"healthyVolunteers":61,"sex":17,"minAge":87,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":186,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":188,"briefSummary":190,"conditions":191,"keywords":196,"overallStatus":41,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":202,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":203,"startDateStruct":205,"completionDateStruct":207,"leadSponsor":209,"locationsCount":53},"100540853","phase-2-pharmacogenetic-panel-to-prevent-adverse-drug-reactions-in-daily-primary-care-practice-100540853","NCT06322238","Pharmacogenetic Panel to Prevent Adverse Drug Reactions in Daily Primary Care Practice:","A Multi-gene Pharmacogenetic Panel to Prevent Adverse Drug Reactions in Daily Primary Care Practice: Open-label, Mayo Clinic Multisite (Mayo Clinic Health System-Rochester Primary Care), Controlled, Implementation Study Taking the Results of the PREPARE Study Into Minnesota (PREPARE-Mayo)","PREPARE-Mayo","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Inclusion Criteria:\n\nIn order to be eligible to participate in this study, a subject must meet all of the following criteria:\n\n1. Subject must be ≥ 18 years old\n2. Subject must receive a 1st prescription (meaning no known prescription for this drug in the preceding 12 months) for a drug included in Table 1, which is prescribed to them in routine primary care.\n3. Subject is able and willing to take part and willing to be followed up on for 48 weeks\n4. Subject is able to donate saliva\n5. Subject has signed informed consent\n6. Subject meets requirement for computer access implying computer literacy as measured by active use of the patient portal or their email\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. For the investigational arm only: Previous (direct-to-consumer, or clinical) pharmacogenomic testing that includes any of the genes included in the Focused Pharmacogenomics Panel\n2. Pregnant or lactating (to be verbally confirmed with the patient)\n3. Life expectancy estimated to be less than three months as determined by patient receiving hospice care\n4. Duration of index drug total treatment length is planned to be less than seven consecutive days.\n5. Current inpatients\n6. Unable to consent to the study\n7. Unwilling to take part\n8. Subject has no permanent address\n9. Subject has no current primary care provider\n10. Subject is, in the opinion of the study coordinator after discussion with participating clinician\u002Fpharmacist\u002Finvestigator, not suitable to participate in the study\n11. Patient has a diagnosis of stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) or is receiving dialysis\n12. Patients with advanced liver failure (stage Child-Pugh C) or a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis\n13. History of a liver transplant or an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant\n14. DNA sample collected that requires retesting in the event that DNA collected was not sufficient for testing as determined by the laboratory",{"count":187,"type":22},66,[189],"PHASE2","The purpose of this study is to determine whether the implementation of pre-emptive pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing of a panel of clinically relevant PGx markers, to guide the dose and drug selection for 39 commonly prescribed drugs, will result in an overall reduction in the number of clinically relevant drug-genotype associated ADRs which are causally related to the initial drug of inclusion (referred to as 'index drug').",[35,192,193,194,195],"Side Effect of Drug","Ineffective Drug Action","Drug Metabolism, Poor, CYP2D6-Related","Drug Metabolism, Poor, CYP2C19-Related",[99,128,197,198,199,200,201,184],"CPIC","primary care","drug metabolism","side effects","ineffectiveness","2025-10-10",{"date":204,"type":45},"2025-10-14",{"date":206,"type":45},"2024-12-01",{"date":208,"type":22},"2027-04",{"name":210,"class":52},"Mayo Clinic",{"id":212,"slug":213,"hasResults":11,"nctId":214,"briefTitle":215,"officialTitle":216,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":217,"healthyVolunteers":61,"sex":218,"minAge":87,"maxAge":219,"enrollmentInfo":220,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":222,"briefSummary":224,"conditions":225,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":41,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":227,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":228,"startDateStruct":230,"completionDateStruct":232,"leadSponsor":234,"locationsCount":236},"100541780","phase-4-oral-contraceptive-pill-ocp-pharmacogenomics-100541780","NCT06334315","Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP) Pharmacogenomics","Influence of Genetics Variants on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill Users","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form\n2. Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study\n3. Female, aged 18-45 years old\n4. In good general health as evidenced by medical history and no need for regular intensive medical interventions (e.g., inpatient admissions, surgical treatments). The Principal Investigator will be responsible for determining good general health for potential participants with complicated medical histories.\n5. Ability to take oral medication and be willing to adhere to the oral contraceptive pill (DSG\u002FEE) regimen\n6. Body-mass index ≥18.5kg\u002Fm2\n7. Willing to abstain from medications and supplements known to induce\u002Finhibit CYP3A (e.g., rifampin, carbamazepine, ketoconazole, St. John's wort) during the study\n8. Normal blood pressure measurement at study screening\n9. Negative urine pregnancy test at study screening\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Currently taking any known CYP3A inducers\u002Finhibitors (e.g., rifampin, carbamazepine, ketoconazole, St. John's wort)43\n2. Any medical conditions that affect liver function (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis)\n3. Contraindications to estrogen-containing contraception (based on category 3 or 4 recommendations in the CDC MEC guidelines42)\n\n   1. Current breast cancer or personal history of breast cancer\n   2. Severe decompensated cirrhosis\n   3. Personal history of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism\n   4. Recent major surgery with prolonged immobilization\n   5. Diabetes with nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, or other vascular disease\n   6. Current gallbladder disease\n   7. Migraine headaches with aura\n   8. History of malabsorptive bariatric surgery\n   9. History of cholestasis due to past oral contraceptive pill use\n   10. Personal history of hypertension\n   11. Personal history of ischemic heart disease\n   12. Known thrombogenic mutations\n   13. Personal history of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver, hepatocellular adenoma, or malignant hepatoma\n   14. Multiple sclerosis with prolonged immobility\n   15. History of peripartum cardiomyopathy\n   16. Current tobacco smoker and age ≥35 years\n   17. History of complicated solid organ transplantation\n   18. Personal history of stroke\n   19. Personal history of superficial venous thrombosis\n   20. Systemic lupus erythematosus with positive or unknown antiphospholipid antibodies\n   21. Complicated valvular heart disease\n   22. Current use of fosamprenavir or lamotrigine\n4. Use of injectable contraceptive method within 6 months or current use of an ENG implant\n5. Childbirth within 6 months","FEMALE","45 Years",{"count":221,"type":22},700,[223],"PHASE4","The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate how differences in specific parts of our DNA can influence how individual bodies break down the hormones contained within oral contraceptive pills, which could affect how well these birth control pills work to prevent pregnancy. The investigators are also interested in exploring how these differences in our DNA can also explain why patients taking the exact same formulation of birth control pill will experience very different side effects. The main questions it aims to answer are:\n\n* Do individuals with the CYP3A7\\*1C variant have increased metabolism of both desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol when taking a combined oral contraceptive pill?\n* Do individuals with the CYP3A7\\*1C variant experience higher rates of breakthrough ovulation while taking a desogestrel\u002Fethinyl estradiol combined oral contraceptive pill?\n* What novel genetic loci are associated with alterations in steroid hormone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among a larger cohort of combined oral contraceptive pill users?\n\nParticipants will take a specific formulation of combined oral contraceptive pill (desogestrel\u002Fethinyl estradiol) and undergo the following procedures:\n\n* Blood draw to measure the amount of progestin and estrogen in their system from the combined oral contraceptive pill\n* Questionnaires to assess side effects possibly caused by the combined oral contraceptive pill\n* Blood draw to measure endogenous hormone levels and biomarkers that may be affected by the combined oral contraceptive pill\n* A transvaginal ultrasound to measure any ovarian follicles (optional procedure)",[226,35],"Contraception","2025-08-21",{"date":229,"type":45},"2025-08-22",{"date":231,"type":45},"2024-10-29",{"date":233,"type":22},"2028-05",{"name":235,"class":52},"Yale University",2]