[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"health-studies-list:{\"conditionNormalized\":\"preoperative-anxiety\",\"overallStatus\":[\"RECRUITING\",\"AVAILABLE\",\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\"],\"orderBy\":\"LastUpdateSubmitDate:desc\",\"size\":25,\"offset\":0}":3,"health-study-condition:preoperative-anxiety":28},{"pageToken":4,"total":5,"offset":6,"count":7,"results":8},null,30,0,25,[9,52,87,116,145,169,199,229,252,276,299,327,349,372,397,420,439,462,490,515,533,562,589,613,638],{"id":10,"slug":11,"hasResults":12,"nctId":13,"briefTitle":14,"officialTitle":15,"acronym":16,"eligibilityCriteria":17,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":20,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":24,"briefSummary":26,"conditions":27,"keywords":31,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":41,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":42,"startDateStruct":45,"completionDateStruct":47,"leadSponsor":49,"locationsCount":4},"100645168","recovery-with-virtual-reality-for-stress-and-pain-100645168",false,"NCT07679022","Recovery With Virtual Reality for Stress and Pain","Recovery With Virtual Reality for Stress & Pain (ReVRS)","ReVRS","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Adults aged 18 years or older.\n* Scheduled to undergo elective gynecological surgery according to the study protocol at a participating center where virtual reality can be provided.\n* Able and willing to provide informed consent for study participation, 1:1 randomization, and use of virtual reality.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Increased risk of adverse effects related to virtual reality, including pronounced motion sickness, claustrophobia, or photosensitive epilepsy.\n* Active substance use disorder or active misuse of alcohol or illicit drugs.\n* Severe chronic pain and\u002For regular preoperative opioid treatment, as defined in the study protocol.","ALL","18 Years",{"count":21,"type":22},140,"ESTIMATED","INTERVENTIONAL",[25],"NA","This randomized controlled trial will evaluate whether a brief preoperative virtual reality intervention reduces anxiety and improves early recovery in adults undergoing elective gynecological surgery. Approximately 140 participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either virtual reality in addition to usual care or usual care alone. The virtual reality intervention will consist of approximately 10-20 minutes of an immersive relaxation experience before surgery. The primary outcome is the change in preoperative anxiety measured before and after the intervention. Secondary outcomes include postoperative quality of recovery, pain, opioid consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and early recovery-related healthcare outcomes.",[28,29,30],"Preoperative Anxiety","Postoperative Pain","Postoperative Recovery",[32,33,34,35,36,28,29,37,38,39],"Virtual Reality","Perioperative Care","Gynecologic Surgery","Quality of Recovery","QoR-15","Opioid Consumption","Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting","Nonpharmacologic Intervention","NOT_YET_RECRUITING","2026-06-25",{"date":43,"type":44},"2026-07-01","ACTUAL",{"date":46,"type":22},"2026-09-30",{"date":48,"type":22},"2029-02-28",{"name":50,"class":51},"Region Skane","OTHER",{"id":53,"slug":54,"hasResults":12,"nctId":55,"briefTitle":56,"officialTitle":57,"acronym":58,"eligibilityCriteria":59,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":60,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":61,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":62,"briefSummary":63,"conditions":64,"keywords":67,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":77,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":78,"startDateStruct":80,"completionDateStruct":82,"leadSponsor":84,"locationsCount":86},"100643009","video-versus-verbal-preoperative-education-in-elective-cesarean-delivery-100643009","NCT07647601","Video Versus Verbal Preoperative Education in Elective Cesarean Delivery","Effects of Verbal and Video-Based Preoperative Education on Anxiety and Serum Cortisol Response in Women Scheduled for Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","VIDEO-CS","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Female participants aged 18 years or older\n* Scheduled for elective cesarean delivery\n* Planned to undergo spinal anesthesia\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II\n* Able to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency cesarean delivery\n* History of psychiatric disease\n* Current use of anxiolytic or antidepressant medications\n* Endocrine disorders, including adrenal or thyroid disease\n* Current corticosteroid therapy\n* Previous surgery performed under spinal anesthesia\n* Cognitive impairment or communication difficulties that may interfere with completion of anxiety assessments\n* ASA physical status III, IV, or V","FEMALE",{"count":21,"type":22},[25],"This prospective randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of verbal and video-based preoperative education on anxiety levels and serum cortisol response in women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia.\n\nEligible participants will be randomly assigned to receive either standard verbal education or a standardized video-based educational intervention before surgery. Anxiety levels will be assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), and serum cortisol levels will be measured before and after the educational intervention.\n\nThe primary objective is to compare the effectiveness of the two educational methods in reducing preoperative anxiety and physiological stress response.",[28,65,66],"Cesarean Delivery","Stress Response",[68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76],"Preoperative Education","Video-Based Education","Verbal Education","Cesarean Section","Spinal Anesthesia","Anxiety","Serum Cortisol","STAI","Randomized Controlled Trial","2026-06-13",{"date":79,"type":44},"2026-06-16",{"date":81,"type":22},"2026-06-10",{"date":83,"type":22},"2026-07-20",{"name":85,"class":51},"Elazıg Fethi Sekin Sehir Hastanesi",1,{"id":88,"slug":89,"hasResults":12,"nctId":90,"briefTitle":91,"officialTitle":92,"acronym":93,"eligibilityCriteria":94,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":95,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":97,"briefSummary":98,"conditions":99,"keywords":103,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":77,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":111,"startDateStruct":112,"completionDateStruct":113,"leadSponsor":115,"locationsCount":86},"100642020","qr-code-based-video-supported-anesthesia-information-and-preoperative-anxiety-100642020","NCT07647588","QR Code-Based Video-Supported Anesthesia Information and Preoperative Anxiety","The Effect of QR Code-Based Video-Supported Anesthesia Information on Preoperative Anxiety, Comprehensibility of Information, and Patient Satisfaction: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study","QR-AID","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age 18 years or older\n* Scheduled for elective surgery\n* Evaluated in the anesthesia outpatient clinic\n* Able to understand the study information and questionnaires\n* Able to provide written informed consent\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency surgery\n* Impaired consciousness\n* Advanced dementia\n* Severe psychiatric illness\n* Severe visual, hearing, or cognitive impairment\n* Inability to understand the digital educational content\n* Refusal to participate\n* Inability to read or understand Turkish",{"count":96,"type":22},284,[25],"This study aims to evaluate the effects of QR code-based video-supported anesthesia information on preoperative anxiety, comprehensibility of information, and patient satisfaction in adult patients undergoing elective surgery.\n\nParticipants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either a control group receiving standard written informed consent and routine verbal anesthesia information or an intervention group receiving the same standard information plus a standardized video-based educational intervention accessed through a QR code.\n\nThe primary outcome is the change in the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) anxiety score before and after the information process. Secondary outcomes include comprehensibility of information and patient satisfaction assessed using a structured Likert-type questionnaire.\n\nThe findings may contribute to the standardization of patient information processes in anesthesia outpatient clinics through a low-cost and easily implementable digital educational approach.",[28,100,101,102],"Anesthesia","Informed Consent","Patient Education",[104,105,106,107,108,109,101,76,110,28],"QR Code","Video-Supported Education","Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale","APAIS","Anesthesia Information","Patient Satisfaction","Digital Health",{"date":79,"type":44},{"date":81,"type":22},{"date":114,"type":22},"2026-07-10",{"name":85,"class":51},{"id":117,"slug":118,"hasResults":12,"nctId":119,"briefTitle":120,"officialTitle":121,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":122,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":123,"maxAge":124,"enrollmentInfo":125,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":127,"briefSummary":128,"conditions":129,"keywords":133,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":138,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":139,"startDateStruct":140,"completionDateStruct":141,"leadSponsor":143,"locationsCount":4},"100641617","virtual-reality-for-pediatric-perioperative-preparation-100641617","NCT07650695","Virtual Reality for Pediatric Perioperative Preparation","Preoperative Virtual Reality Intervention to Improve the Perioperative Experience in Children Undergoing Elective Surgery: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Children aged 3 to 12 years.\n* Scheduled for elective surgery under anesthesia.\n* Parent or legal guardian owns a mobile phone.\n* Ability to understand simple instructions, according to clinical judgment and developmental level.\n* Sufficient Spanish language proficiency of the child and at least one parent or legal guardian.\n* Written informed consent from parents or legal guardians and child assent when applicable.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency or urgent surgery.\n* Moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disorder or intellectual disability limiting understanding of the intervention or study scales.\n* Severe visual or hearing impairment preventing use of virtual reality.\n* History of photosensitive epilepsy, severe vertigo, severe motion sickness, or other conditions that could worsen with virtual reality.\n* Severe decompensated psychiatric disorder.\n* Use of intense sedative premedication before baseline assessment that prevents evaluation of preoperative anxiety.","3 Years","12 Years",{"count":126,"type":22},56,[25],"This pilot randomized controlled trial will evaluate whether a virtual reality (VR) preparation program can improve the perioperative experience of children aged 3 to 12 years undergoing elective surgery. Children scheduled for surgery at HM Hospital in Madrid, Spain, will be randomly assigned to receive either a VR-based educational experience (NixiKit) or the standard preoperative preparation routinely provided by nursing staff.\n\nThe VR intervention includes an immersive virtual tour of the preoperative area, operating room, and recovery room, designed to familiarize children with the surgical process in an age-appropriate manner. The control group will receive the usual verbal explanation and support provided by nurses before surgery.\n\nThe study will assess children's fear, preoperative anxiety, cooperation during anesthesia induction, and postoperative pain. Parents' experience and satisfaction with care will also be evaluated. The results of this pilot study will help determine the feasibility and potential effectiveness of VR as a nursing-led preparation strategy for pediatric surgical patients.",[28,130,131,132],"Fear","Pediatric Surgery","Preoperative Care",[32,131,33,134,135,136,137],"children","Nursing intervention","fear","anxiety","2026-06-12",{"date":79,"type":44},{"date":43,"type":22},{"date":142,"type":22},"2027-04-01",{"name":144,"class":51},"Fundación de investigación HM",{"id":146,"slug":147,"hasResults":12,"nctId":148,"briefTitle":149,"officialTitle":150,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":151,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":152,"maxAge":124,"enrollmentInfo":153,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":155,"briefSummary":156,"conditions":157,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":161,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":162,"startDateStruct":163,"completionDateStruct":165,"leadSponsor":167,"locationsCount":86},"100643583","effects-of-cartoons-and-mobile-games-on-preoperative-anxiety-and-fear-in-children-with-appendicitis-an-rct-100643583","NCT07640230","Effects of Cartoons and Mobile Games on Preoperative Anxiety and Fear in Children With Appendicitis: An RCT","Apandisit Tanısı Ile Cerrahi Servise Yatırılan Çocuklarda Preoperatif Kaygı ve Korkunun Azaltılmasında Çizgi Film ve Mobil Oyunların Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Bir Araştırma","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Being hospitalized in the Pediatric Surgery Service with a diagnosis of appendicitis.\n* Being between the ages of 7 and 12 years.\n* Voluntary consent\u002Fassent from both the child and their parents to participate in the study.\n* Absence of any visual, auditory, or cognitive problems that prevent communication.\n* Not having received any analgesics before the intervention.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Refusal to participate in the study voluntarily.\n* Having a condition that prevents communication due to vision, hearing, speech, or mental health status.\n* Being in an agitated state or unable to cooperate.\n* Having received analgesics due to pain before the study.","7 Years",{"count":154,"type":22},69,[25],"his study aims to evaluate the effects of cartoon viewing and mobile game playing on preoperative anxiety and fear levels in children aged 7-12 years who are hospitalized for appendicitis surgery. The study is designed as a randomized controlled trial with three groups: a cartoon group, a mobile game group, and a control group receiving routine care.\n\nChildren in the intervention groups will watch a cartoon or play a mobile game for 10 minutes before surgery. Anxiety and fear levels will be measured using validated scales before and after the intervention. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to atraumatic care practices by providing simple and effective non-pharmacological methods to reduce preoperative anxiety and fear in children.",[28,158,159,130],"Children","Appendicitis (Diagnosis)","RECRUITING","2026-06-08",{"date":81,"type":44},{"date":164,"type":44},"2025-10-10",{"date":166,"type":22},"2026-05-30",{"name":168,"class":51},"Ankara City Hospital Bilkent",{"id":170,"slug":171,"hasResults":12,"nctId":172,"briefTitle":173,"officialTitle":174,"acronym":175,"eligibilityCriteria":176,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":123,"maxAge":177,"enrollmentInfo":178,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":180,"briefSummary":181,"conditions":182,"keywords":185,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":191,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":192,"startDateStruct":193,"completionDateStruct":195,"leadSponsor":197,"locationsCount":86},"100643437","timing-of-midazolam-n-children-undergoing-adenotonsillectomy-effects-on-stress-cortisol-and-recovery-100643437","NCT07622641","Timing Of Midazolam İn Children Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy: Effects On Stress, Cortisol, And Recovery","Optimization of Midazolam Administration Timing in Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy: Effects on Cortisol Response, Behavioral Stress, and Recovery Quality","Timing-Midazol","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Children aged 3-10 years,\n* Scheduled for elective adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, or adenotonsillectomy,\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II,\n* Written informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardians\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Children younger than 3 years or older than 10 years,\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status greater than II,\n* Known allergy to apple or apple-derived products,\n* Known allergy or hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines,\n* Presence of developmental delay,\n* History of neuropsychiatric disorders,\n* Current or recent use of corticosteroids,\n* Expected or actual surgical duration longer than 90 minutes,\n* Refusal of participation by parents or legal guardians","10 Years",{"count":179,"type":22},100,[25],"This study is a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the optimal timing of midazolam administration in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. The study will be conducted at the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Anesthesiology of Erzurum City Hospital.\n\nMidazolam is commonly used in pediatric patients to reduce anxiety and improve perioperative comfort. However, the optimal timing of its administration (before surgery or during anesthesia induction) remains unclear. This study aims to compare the effects of preoperative oral midazolam and intraoperative intravenous midazolam on stress response, behavioral outcomes, and recovery quality.\n\nParticipants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. In Group A, children will receive oral midazolam (0.5 mg\u002Fkg) 30 minutes before surgery. In Group B, children will receive intravenous midazolam (0.05-0.1 mg\u002Fkg) during anesthesia induction.\n\nThe primary outcome of the study is the change in serum cortisol levels, which reflects the physiological stress response. Blood samples will be collected twice: once 10 minutes after anesthesia induction and once 15 minutes after surgery in the post-anesthesia care unit.\n\nIn addition to cortisol levels, the study will assess preoperative anxiety using an observational anxiety scale, postoperative pain using a behavioral pain scoring system, and parental satisfaction using a standardized questionnaire. These measures aim to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the child's perioperative experience.\n\nThe findings of this study may help determine the most effective timing of midazolam administration to reduce stress, improve recovery, and enhance overall patient and family satisfaction in pediatric surgical care.",[183,28,184,29],"Adenotonsillectomy","Surgical Stress Response",[186,187,183,188,28,189,29,190],"Midazolam","Pediatric Anesthesia","Premedication Timing","Cortisol Response","Recovery Quality","2026-06-07",{"date":81,"type":44},{"date":194,"type":22},"2026-08-01",{"date":196,"type":22},"2027-09-01",{"name":198,"class":51},"Erzurum City Hospital",{"id":200,"slug":201,"hasResults":12,"nctId":202,"briefTitle":203,"officialTitle":204,"acronym":205,"eligibilityCriteria":206,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":207,"enrollmentInfo":208,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":210,"briefSummary":211,"conditions":212,"keywords":216,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":166,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":220,"startDateStruct":222,"completionDateStruct":224,"leadSponsor":226,"locationsCount":228},"100621465","effect-of-clinical-hypnosis-in-preoperative-anxiety-among-patients-undergoing-an-abdominal-surgery-100621465","NCT07370974","Effect of Clinical Hypnosis in Preoperative Anxiety Among Patients Undergoing an Abdominal Surgery.","Effect of Clinical Hypnosis in Preoperative Anxiety Among Patients Undergoing an Abdominal Surgery : a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.","Hypnoanxiety","* Inclusion Criteria:\n\n  1. Consenting patients undergoing abdominal surgery\n  2. ASA I-II physical status\n  3. Able to understand and respond to instructions\n  4. No major psychological disorders\n* Exclusion Criteria:\n\n  1. Non-consenting patients\n  2. Prior experience with hypnosis\n  3. History of mental illness\n  4. Psychoactive substance consumption\n  5. Cognitive disorders","80 Years",{"count":209,"type":22},48,[25],"This Multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluates clinical hypnosis efficacy for reducing perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain in abdominal surgery patients across 3 Moroccan centers (n=48-68). Intervention arm receives 15-20 min level 2 hypnosis session preoperatively; control receives standard psychological preparation. Primary outcome: VAS-anxiety post-intervention. Secondary: postoperative EVA-pain, analgesic consumption, length of stay.\n\nStudy Design Prospective, multicenter, parallel-group RCT (1:1 allocation, stratified by center\u002Fsex). Inclusion: consenting ASA I-II adults for abdominal surgery. Primary endpoint powered for 10mm EVA reduction (80% power, α=0.05). Registration supports PhD thesis at ISSS\u002FUniversité Hassan 1er Settat.",[213,28,29,214,215],"Hypnosis","Abdominal Surgeries","Length of Stay",[217,218,213,219],"RCT","Morocco","preoperative anxiety",{"date":221,"type":44},"2026-06-02",{"date":223,"type":44},"2026-02-07",{"date":225,"type":22},"2026-06-03",{"name":227,"class":51},"HASSAN 1st university",3,{"id":230,"slug":231,"hasResults":12,"nctId":232,"briefTitle":233,"officialTitle":234,"acronym":235,"eligibilityCriteria":236,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":237,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":239,"briefSummary":240,"conditions":241,"keywords":242,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":243,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":244,"startDateStruct":246,"completionDateStruct":248,"leadSponsor":250,"locationsCount":86},"100622117","effectiveness-of-virtual-reality-enhanced-interventions-on-preoperative-anxiety-in-adults-undergoing-elective-surgery-100622117","NCT07379450","Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-enhanced Interventions on Preoperative Anxiety in Adults Undergoing Elective Surgery","Official Title: Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-enhanced Interventions on Preoperative Anxiety in Adults Undergoing Elective Surgery: A 3-arm Randomised Controlled Trial","VIPA","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age aged ≥18 years old\n* Surgical patients attending Nurse Pre-anaesthetic Assessment Clinic (NPAC)\n* American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status ASA I or ASA II\n* Able to communicate in Chinese\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients who have a cognitive, communication or physical impairment precluding their ability to complete the study\n* Patients who are prone to epilepsy or other neurological conditions",{"count":238,"type":22},270,[25],"Brief Summary: Preoperative anxiety is a common phenomenon in surgical patients, with a pooled global prevalence of 48%. Surgical patients with preoperative anxiety may negatively impact their psychological health and surgical outcomes. Recent studies have revealed the promising effects of virtual reality-enhanced interventions to improve preoperative anxiety symptoms among adults undergoing elective surgery.\n\nThere is a lack of interventional studies to compare and evaluate the co-designed preoperative virtual reality-enhanced interventions in adult surgical patients.\n\nThis study aims to examine the effects of co-designed virtual reality educational video and virtual reality distraction video on preoperative anxiety symptoms, vital signs, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and postoperative anxiety compared to usual care. This study will contribute by evaluating evidence-based, user-centered VIPA that may be effective for improving preoperative anxiety among adult surgical patients.",[28],[28,32],"2026-05-26",{"date":245,"type":44},"2026-05-27",{"date":247,"type":44},"2026-02-01",{"date":249,"type":22},"2026-12",{"name":251,"class":51},"Sin Lun CHAN",{"id":253,"slug":254,"hasResults":12,"nctId":255,"briefTitle":256,"officialTitle":257,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":258,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":259,"maxAge":177,"enrollmentInfo":260,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":262,"briefSummary":263,"conditions":264,"keywords":266,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":267,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":268,"startDateStruct":270,"completionDateStruct":272,"leadSponsor":274,"locationsCount":86},"100636394","intranasal-dexmedetomidine-vs-oral-midazolam-for-premedication-in-pediatric-surgery-100636394","NCT07565116","Intranasal Dexmedetomidine vs Oral Midazolam for Premedication in Pediatric Surgery","Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Oral Midazolam for Premedication in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Elective Inguinal and Urological Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Pediatric patients aged 2-10 years\n* ASA physical status I-II\n* Scheduled for elective inguinal or urological surgery under general anesthesia\n* Both male and female patients\n* Written informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardians\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Known allergy or hypersensitivity to dexmedetomidine or midazolam\n* Presence of significant systemic disease or organ dysfunction\n* Cardiac arrhythmia or congenital heart disease\n* Neurological or behavioral disorders, including developmental delay\n* Chronic use of analgesics or other medications that may affect study outcomes\n* Anticipated difficult airway\n* Nasal pathology that may interfere with intranasal drug administration\n* Emergency surgery\n* Inability to obtain written informed consent from parents or legal guardians","2 Years",{"count":261,"type":22},84,[25],"This study aims to compare the effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam as premedication in pediatric patients undergoing elective inguinal and urological surgery under general anesthesia.\n\nPremedication plays a critical role in reducing preoperative anxiety, facilitating parent-child separation, and improving cooperation during anesthesia induction in pediatric patients. While oral midazolam is widely used, it has several limitations, including variable bioavailability and the risk of paradoxical reactions. Intranasal dexmedetomidine has emerged as a promising alternative due to its sedative, anxiolytic, and minimal respiratory depressant effects.\n\nIn this prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study, patients aged 2-10 years will be assigned to receive either intranasal dexmedetomidine or oral midazolam prior to anesthesia induction. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients achieving adequate sedation at induction, defined as a Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) ≥2.\n\nSecondary outcomes include perioperative hemodynamic stability, parent-child separation anxiety, mask acceptance during induction, postoperative emergence agitation, recovery time, and the need for rescue sedation.",[187,28,265],"Emergence Agitation",[187,28,265],"2026-05-11",{"date":269,"type":44},"2026-05-14",{"date":271,"type":44},"2026-05-05",{"date":273,"type":22},"2026-09-26",{"name":275,"class":51},"Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital",{"id":277,"slug":278,"hasResults":12,"nctId":279,"briefTitle":280,"officialTitle":281,"acronym":282,"eligibilityCriteria":283,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":284,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":286,"briefSummary":287,"conditions":288,"keywords":289,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":292,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":293,"startDateStruct":294,"completionDateStruct":296,"leadSponsor":297,"locationsCount":86},"100573398","virtual-reality-for-anxiety-in-interventional-radiology-procedures-100573398","NCT06745765","Virtual Reality for Anxiety in Interventional Radiology Procedures","Effects of Virtual Reality in the Management of Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Interventional Radiology Procedures: Randomized Study","VR-IR","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Indication to CT-guided biopsy in local anesthesia\n* Informed consent signature\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Lack of patient consent to trial.\n* Lack of eligibility to perform CT-guided needle biopsy, or eligibility to perform the procedure but with administration of general anesthesia or sedation.\n* patients who do not speak Italian or English will be excluded;\n* patients with visual and\u002For hearing impairment;\n* patients on analgesics or anxiolytics;\n* patients with the following conditions: dementia, psychiatric disorders; headache, dizziness, recent head injury, epilepsy, and other conditions in which the application of VR glasses has been judged to be potentially harmful; and when the topical anesthetic (lidocaine and prilocaine \\[eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA)\\]) or tetracaine (Ametop) was not properly applied before surgery.",{"count":285,"type":22},236,[25],"The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if virtual reality works to reduce anxiety in patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures. The main questions it aims to answer are:\n\nDoes virtual reality lower anxiety in patients undegoing minimally invasive procedures? Can it help the platient's compliance and operators' satisfaction? Researchers will compare virtual reality to usual preoperative care to see if virtual reality is effective.\n\nParticipants will:\n\nUse virtual reality for 20 minutes before the intervention starts. Complete questionnaires before and after the procedure.",[28],[290,291],"Virtual reality","Preoperative care","2026-05-08",{"date":267,"type":44},{"date":295,"type":44},"2024-11-01",{"date":249,"type":22},{"name":298,"class":51},"Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli",{"id":300,"slug":301,"hasResults":12,"nctId":302,"briefTitle":303,"officialTitle":304,"acronym":305,"eligibilityCriteria":306,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":307,"enrollmentInfo":308,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":309,"briefSummary":310,"conditions":311,"keywords":317,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":319,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":320,"startDateStruct":321,"completionDateStruct":323,"leadSponsor":325,"locationsCount":86},"100635473","effect-of-preoperative-melatonin-on-quality-of-recovery-after-elective-laparoscopic-cholecystectomy-100635473","NCT07553143","Effect of Preoperative Melatonin on Quality of Recovery After Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","Effect of Preoperative Melatonin on Quality of Recovery After Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","MEL-REC","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age 18-60 years\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II\n* Scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia\n* Able to understand and provide informed consent\n* Willing to participate in the study and complete follow-up assessments\n* Body mass index (BMI) 18-35 kg\u002Fm2\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Known allergy or hypersensitivity to melatonin or placebo component\n* Chronic use of opioids, sedatives, or hypnotics (regular use for ≥4 weeks prior to surgery)\n* Current use of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers) (suppress endogenous melatonin secretion via inhibition of pineal β₁-adrenergic receptors)\n* History of psychiatric disorders requiring ongoing pharmacological treatment\n* Pregnancy or lactation\n* Severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class B or C), as melatonin undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism via CYP1A2\n* Diagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea requiring continuous positive airway pressure\n* Diagnosed circadian rhythm disorder (e.g., delayed sleep phase disorder, advanced sleep phase disorder) requiring medical management\n* Use of exogenous melatonin supplements within 30 days prior to surgery\n* Inability to complete study questionnaires due to language barrier or cognitive impairment\n* History of substance abuse or dependence","60 Years",{"count":261,"type":22},[25],"Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed abdominal surgical procedures worldwide. Although the widespread implementation of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols has improved perioperative outcomes, many patients continue to experience postoperative pain, sleep disturbance, anxiety, nausea, and fatigue, symptoms that collectively impair overall quality of recovery (QoR). Melatonin, an endogenous hormone that regulates circadian rhythm, also possesses anxiolytic, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, positioning it as a valuable perioperative adjunct. However, most previous studies have evaluated melatonin primarily for isolated outcomes such as sleep quality or anxiety. Its effect on comprehensive postoperative recovery, assessed using validated patient-reported outcome instruments, remains insufficiently explored, particularly in laparoscopic cholecystectomy populations and in South Asian clinical settings.\n\nThis prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the MEL-REC trial) aims to evaluate the effect of preoperative oral melatonin on postoperative quality of recovery in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia. The study will be conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology at Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, over a total study period of 18 months (January 2026 to June 2027), with patient recruitment planned for 8 months (May to December 2026) after taking approval from institutional review board. Eighty four adult patients aged 18-60 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio into two equal groups (n = 42 per group) using computer-generated permuted block randomization with centralized pharmacy based allocation concealment. The melatonin group (Group M) will receive oral melatonin 6 mg administered 60 minutes before induction of anaesthesia and the placebo group (Group P) will receive an identical placebo tablet under the same conditions. Neither the participants, the treating anaesthesiologist, the outcome assessor, nor the data analyst will be aware of group allocation until database lock. All patients will receive a standardized anaesthesia and perioperative management protocol, including standardized postoperative analgesia.\n\nThe primary outcome will be postoperative quality of recovery assessed using the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) score at 24 ± 2 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes include postoperative sleep quality measured by the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, change in preoperative anxiety (delta-VAS-A score), total opioid consumption during the first 24 hours expressed as intravenous morphine milligram equivalents, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and time to first rescue analgesic request. All postoperative outcomes will be assessed by a trained research assistant blinded to group allocation.\n\nBased on the available evidence, it is anticipated that patients receiving preoperative melatonin will demonstrate higher QoR-15 scores at 24 hours after surgery compared with the placebo group. The melatonin group is also expected to have improved postoperative sleep quality, reduced opioid consumption, and a greater reduction in preoperative anxiety.\n\nIf a clinically meaningful benefit is confirmed, given its well established safety profile, low cost, and ease of oral administration, preoperative melatonin may represent a practical perioperative adjunct that can be readily incorporated into ERAS protocols for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The trial will be prospectively registered in the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC) clinical trial registry or clinicaltrials.gov prior to recruitment.",[312,313,28,314,315,316],"Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","Postoperative Quality of Recovery","Postoperative Sleep Quality","Opioid Consumption, Postoperative","PONV in Laparoscopic Cholocystectomies",[313,36,318,312],"Melatonin","2026-04-29",{"date":271,"type":44},{"date":322,"type":22},"2026-05-01",{"date":324,"type":22},"2027-06-30",{"name":326,"class":51},"Armed Forces Medical Institute Bangladesh",{"id":328,"slug":329,"hasResults":12,"nctId":330,"briefTitle":331,"officialTitle":332,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":333,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":60,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":334,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":335,"briefSummary":336,"conditions":337,"keywords":339,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":341,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":342,"startDateStruct":344,"completionDateStruct":346,"leadSponsor":348,"locationsCount":4},"100633046","effect-of-video-based-versus-verbal-preoperative-information-on-anxiety-and-cortisol-levels-in-elective-cesarean-section-100633046","NCT07521592","Effect of Video-Based Versus Verbal Preoperative Information on Anxiety and Cortisol Levels in Elective Cesarean Section","The Effect of Video-Based Versus Verbal Preoperative Information on Anxiety and Serum Cortisol Levels in Elective Cesarean Section: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Pregnant women aged 18 years or older\n* Scheduled for elective cesarean delivery\n* Planned to receive spinal anesthesia\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II\n* Ability to provide written informed consent\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency cesarean delivery\n* History of psychiatric disorders\n* Current use of anxiolytic or antidepressant medications\n* Endocrine disorders, particularly adrenal or thyroid disease\n* Current corticosteroid therapy\n* History of previous surgery under spinal anesthesia\n* Cognitive impairment preventing effective communication or completion of the assessment scales\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status III-V",{"count":21,"type":22},[25],"Preoperative anxiety is a common problem in patients undergoing elective cesarean section and may negatively affect perioperative outcomes through activation of the stress response, including increased cortisol levels. Effective preoperative information is considered a key non-pharmacological strategy to reduce anxiety; however, the optimal method of information delivery remains unclear. This prospective randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of video-based versus verbal preoperative information on anxiety levels and serum cortisol response in patients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anxiety will be assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and serum cortisol levels will be measured before and after the intervention. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence for improving patient-centered preoperative education strategies in obstetric anesthesia.\"",[28,71,184,338],"Cortisol",[28,65,340],"Cortisol Biomarker","2026-04-08",{"date":343,"type":44},"2026-04-13",{"date":345,"type":22},"2026-04-02",{"date":347,"type":22},"2026-07",{"name":85,"class":51},{"id":350,"slug":351,"hasResults":12,"nctId":352,"briefTitle":353,"officialTitle":353,"acronym":354,"eligibilityCriteria":355,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":356,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":358,"briefSummary":359,"conditions":360,"keywords":361,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":363,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":364,"startDateStruct":366,"completionDateStruct":368,"leadSponsor":370,"locationsCount":4},"100630145","the-effectiveness-of-a-virtual-reality-based-educational-intervention-on-anxiety-symptoms-pain-levels-and-physiological-indicator-outcomes-in-surgical-patients-100630145","NCT07483866","The Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-based Educational Intervention on Anxiety Symptoms, Pain Levels, and Physiological Indicator Outcomes in Surgical Patients","VR","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Must be 18 years of age or older.\n2. Must be scheduled for orthopedic surgery and be scheduled to undergo spinal anesthesia.\n3. Must have no anxiety disorders, no visual or auditory impairments, be fully conscious, and be able to understand and read Chinese.\n4. Must be classified as a Class I to III by the American College of Anesthesiologists.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Previous head injury.\n2. History of dizziness.\n3. Patient requiring transfer to the intensive care unit due to their condition.",{"count":357,"type":22},200,[25],"Study Design and Participants This study employed a prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. A total of two study arms were established: an experimental group receiving a virtual reality (VR) education intervention combined with conventional care, and a control group receiving a unit health education film with conventional care.\n\nParticipants were recruited based on the following inclusion criteria: adults aged 18 years or older scheduled for elective hip or knee replacement surgery under spinal anesthesia; an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grade of I to III; clear consciousness with the ability to read and understand Chinese; and no prior diagnosis of anxiety disorders or significant visual\u002Fhearing impairments. Patients were excluded if they had a history of head trauma or chronic dizziness, or if they required post-operative transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to medical complications.\n\nRandomization and Intervention Eligible participants were assigned to either the experimental or control group using block randomization to ensure balanced group sizes. The primary intervention for the experimental group consisted of a structured Virtual Reality Education Program, while the control group received standard institutional health education via video.\n\nData Collection and Instrumentation A repeated-measures approach was utilized for data collection across four distinct time points: (1) baseline (one day prior to surgery), (2) pre-operative arrival at the operating room holding area on the day of surgery, (3) one day post-operatively, and (4) three days post-operatively.\n\nThe research instruments used for assessment included:\n\nA demographic profile sheet. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A). The Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS-P). A Virtual Reality Education Satisfaction Questionnaire. Standardized physiological indicators.",[28],[362],"Preoperative anxiety","2026-03-17",{"date":365,"type":44},"2026-03-19",{"date":367,"type":22},"2026-03-01",{"date":369,"type":22},"2027-12-31",{"name":371,"class":51},"Jia-Ling Wang",{"id":373,"slug":374,"hasResults":12,"nctId":375,"briefTitle":376,"officialTitle":377,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":378,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":259,"maxAge":379,"enrollmentInfo":380,"targetDuration":382,"studyType":383,"phases":4,"briefSummary":384,"conditions":385,"keywords":386,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":388,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":389,"startDateStruct":391,"completionDateStruct":393,"leadSponsor":395,"locationsCount":86},"100625651","daily-screen-exposure-and-preoperative-anxiety-in-children-aged-2-5-years-100625651","NCT07425405","Daily Screen Exposure and Preoperative Anxiety in Children Aged 2-5 Years","The Effect of Daily Screen Exposure Duration on Preoperative Anxiety in Children Aged 2-5 Years: A Prospective Observational Study","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Children aged 2 to 5 years\n* Scheduled for elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III\n* Parent or legal guardian able to provide written informed consent\n* Parent able to complete the structured questionnaire in Turkish\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Premedication administered or planned prior to anxiety assessment\n* Emergency surgical procedures\n* Known developmental delay or neurodevelopmental disorder\n* Known psychiatric disorder\n* Visual or hearing impairment that may interfere with behavioral assessment\n* Chronic use of sedative, antipsychotic, or antiepileptic medications\n* Anticipated need for postoperative intensive care\n* Incomplete or unreliable questionnaire data\n* Inability to perform mYPAS assessment prior to anesthesia induction","5 Years",{"count":381,"type":22},275,"1 Day","OBSERVATIONAL","This prospective observational study aims to evaluate whether daily screen exposure duration is associated with preoperative anxiety levels in children aged 2-5 years undergoing elective surgery.\n\nScreen exposure in early childhood has been associated with emotional and behavioral outcomes, including increased anxiety. However, its potential impact on anxiety in acute stress situations such as surgery has not been previously investigated. Preoperative anxiety in children is associated with difficult anesthetic induction, increased postoperative agitation, prolonged recovery, and behavioral disturbances.\n\nIn this study, parents will complete a structured questionnaire assessing their child's daily screen exposure duration and related factors. Children will be categorized into three groups according to reported daily screen time: less than 1 hour per day, 1-2 hours per day, and more than 2 hours per day.\n\nPreoperative anxiety will be assessed immediately before anesthesia induction using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS), a validated observational tool for measuring anxiety in young children.\n\nNo additional medical interventions will be performed beyond routine clinical care. The study seeks to determine whether higher screen exposure is associated with increased preoperative anxiety levels and to identify potential risk factors contributing to anxiety in preschool children undergoing surgery.",[28],[387,187],"Screen Exposure","2026-03-10",{"date":390,"type":44},"2026-03-12",{"date":392,"type":44},"2026-03-11",{"date":394,"type":22},"2026-08-30",{"name":396,"class":51},"Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital",{"id":398,"slug":399,"hasResults":12,"nctId":400,"briefTitle":401,"officialTitle":402,"acronym":403,"eligibilityCriteria":404,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":405,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":407,"briefSummary":408,"conditions":409,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":412,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":413,"startDateStruct":415,"completionDateStruct":417,"leadSponsor":418,"locationsCount":86},"100627854","nurse-led-emotional-freedom-technique-for-preoperative-anxiety-and-fear-in-thyroid-surgery-100627854","NCT07454044","Nurse-Led Emotional Freedom Technique for Preoperative Anxiety and Fear in Thyroid Surgery","The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques on Preoperative Anxiety and Fear in Patients Undergoing Thyroid Surgery","EFT","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients scheduled for thyroid surgery\n* Aged 18 years and older\n* Able to speak and understand Turkish\n* Literate (able to read and write)\n* No visual, hearing, or mental impairment\n* Able to communicate effectively\n* Preoperative anxiety and fear level of 3 or higher according to the Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) scale\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Presence of a neurological disorder\n* Diagnosed psychiatric disorder and current use of medication for this condition\n* Previous training related to coping with anxiety or fear\n* Previous participation in an energy therapy course\n* Presence of infection, wound, or scar at the tapping (touch) sites",{"count":406,"type":22},70,[25],"Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) is a non-invasive, low-cost complementary intervention that has been used in various clinical settings to reduce anxiety and psychological distress. Although previous studies have suggested the potential benefits of EFT in general anxiety and postoperative psychological outcomes, evidence regarding its effectiveness in patients undergoing thyroid surgery is limited. Thyroid surgery is associated with unique sources of preoperative anxiety and fear due to potential complications related to voice, swallowing, and hormonal balance.\n\nThis randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effect of Emotional Freedom Technique on preoperative anxiety and fear in patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Eligible patients will be randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving EFT in addition to standard preoperative nursing care or to a control group receiving standard preoperative nursing care alone. EFT will be administered by trained nurses following a standardized protocol during the preoperative period. Anxiety and fear levels will be assessed using validated measurement tools before and after the intervention. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to evidence-based nursing practices and to support the integration of complementary interventions into perioperative nursing care.",[28,410,411],"Fear and Anxiety","Thyroid Surgery","2026-03-05",{"date":414,"type":44},"2026-03-06",{"date":416,"type":22},"2026-02-09",{"date":347,"type":22},{"name":419,"class":51},"Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi",{"id":421,"slug":422,"hasResults":12,"nctId":423,"briefTitle":424,"officialTitle":425,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":426,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":427,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":383,"phases":4,"briefSummary":428,"conditions":429,"keywords":430,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":432,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":433,"startDateStruct":434,"completionDateStruct":436,"leadSponsor":437,"locationsCount":4},"100627691","prediction-of-postoperative-pain-using-venous-cannulation-pain-and-preoperative-anxiety-scores-100627691","NCT07451925","Prediction of Postoperative Pain Using Venous Cannulation Pain and Preoperative Anxiety Scores","Association of Venous Cannulation Pain and Preoperative Anxiety (APAIS) With Postoperative Pain Following Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Observational Study","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age ≥18 years\n* ASA physical status I-III\n* Scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia\n* Ability to understand and use the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)\n* Ability to complete the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS)\n* Provision of written informed consent\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency surgery\n* Conversion from laparoscopic to open surgery\n* Cognitive impairment or inability to communicate effectively\n* Chronic pain lasting longer than 3 months\n* More than three venous cannulation attempts\n* Surgical duration exceeding 2 hours\n* Refusal to participate",{"count":179,"type":22},"Postoperative pain remains a significant clinical problem affecting recovery, mobilization, and patient satisfaction after surgery. Considerable interindividual variability exists in postoperative pain intensity even among patients undergoing the same surgical procedure. This variability may be influenced not only by the extent of surgical trauma but also by individual pain sensitivity and psychological factors such as preoperative anxiety.\n\nThe aim of this prospective observational study is to evaluate whether pain intensity reported during routine venous cannulation and preoperative anxiety levels assessed by the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) can predict early postoperative pain severity in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Venous cannulation pain will be assessed using a 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS), and anxiety levels will be measured preoperatively using APAIS. Postoperative pain will be evaluated at predefined time points within the first 12 hours after surgery using VAS scores and analgesic consumption. Identifying simple and easily obtainable preoperative predictors may allow individualized postoperative analgesic strategies for patients at higher risk of severe postoperative pain.",[28,29],[107,431,219,312],"postoperative pain","2026-03-04",{"date":412,"type":44},{"date":435,"type":22},"2026-03-02",{"date":43,"type":22},{"name":438,"class":51},"Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital",{"id":440,"slug":441,"hasResults":12,"nctId":442,"briefTitle":443,"officialTitle":444,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":445,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":446,"enrollmentInfo":447,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":448,"briefSummary":449,"conditions":450,"keywords":452,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":455,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":456,"startDateStruct":457,"completionDateStruct":459,"leadSponsor":460,"locationsCount":4},"100627013","comparison-of-virtual-reality-based-and-routine-preoperative-education-on-surgical-anxiety-and-salivary-cortisol-100627013","NCT07443111","Comparison of Virtual Reality-Based and Routine Preoperative Education on Surgical Anxiety and Salivary Cortisol","Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Virtual Reality-Based Preoperative Education on Surgical Anxiety Using Psychometric Measures and Salivary Cortisol: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial","Inclusion Criteria:\n\nAge between 18 and 65 years\n\nHospitalized patients scheduled for elective lumbar disc herniation surgery in the preoperative period\n\nAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III\n\nAble to read and understand Turkish and be literate\n\nSufficient cognitive capacity to understand the informed consent form (no advanced dementia, severe aphasia, impaired consciousness, or neurological\u002Fpsychiatric condition interfering with communication)\n\nWilling to complete the State Anxiety Inventory - State form (STAI-S) for surgical anxiety assessment and to provide a saliva sample using a non-invasive method\n\nNo severe visual impairment that would prevent the use of a virtual reality headset (visual impairments correctable with glasses or contact lenses are acceptable)\n\nProvision of written and verbal informed consent\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\nPresence of an emergency or urgent neurosurgical indication (e.g., traumatic acute subdural hematoma, acute intracranial hemorrhage with herniation signs)\n\nHistory of diagnosed epilepsy, particularly photosensitive epilepsy\n\nSevere cognitive impairment, severe aphasia, lack of cooperation, or altered level of consciousness\n\nHistory of psychiatric hospitalization within the last 6 months due to severe psychiatric disorders such as psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, or severe major depressive disorder\n\nChronic systemic steroid use or endocrine disorders significantly affecting adrenal cortex function (e.g., Cushing syndrome, Addison's disease)\n\nUntreated severe thyroid disease that may affect cortisol metabolism\n\nHistory of severe vertigo or vestibular disorders with prior intolerance to VR-like visual stimuli\n\nSevere visual impairment not correctable with glasses or contact lenses that would prevent adequate perception of VR content\n\nInability to complete the VR session due to nausea, dizziness, or similar symptoms during headset use (in such cases, the intervention will be discontinued and the participant will be withdrawn from the study)\n\nSevere oral lesions, active serious oral infection, or significant salivary gland pathology interfering with saliva sampling\n\nKnown pregnancy or suspected pregnancy\n\nParticipation in another randomized controlled trial or VR-based intervention within the last 3 months\n\nWithdrawal of consent during the study or cancellation\u002Fpostponement of the scheduled surgical procedure","65 Years",{"count":126,"type":22},[25],"This randomized controlled pilot study aims to compare the effects of virtual reality-based preoperative education and routine preoperative education on surgical anxiety in patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery. In addition to evaluating psychological outcomes, the study will also compare psychometric anxiety assessments with a biological stress marker, salivary cortisol, to examine the relationship between subjective and physiological stress responses.\n\nPreoperative anxiety is common among surgical patients and may negatively influence both emotional well-being and physiological stress regulation. Virtual reality-based education may provide a more immersive and engaging learning experience compared to routine education, potentially reducing anxiety levels.\n\nParticipants will be randomly assigned to either a virtual reality-based education group or a routine preoperative education group. Surgical anxiety will be assessed using validated psychometric measurement tools, and physiological stress response will be evaluated through salivary cortisol analysis. The study will further explore the concordance between psychometric findings and biological stress indicators.\n\nThe results may contribute to the development of innovative, evidence-based nursing interventions and provide insight into the relationship between psychological and biological indicators of preoperative anxiety.",[451,28],"Lumbar Disc Herniation",[32,451,28,453,76,454],"Salivary Cortisol","Nursing Intervention","2026-02-25",{"date":435,"type":44},{"date":458,"type":22},"2026-02-27",{"date":245,"type":22},{"name":461,"class":51},"Bezmialem Vakif University",{"id":463,"slug":464,"hasResults":12,"nctId":465,"briefTitle":466,"officialTitle":466,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":467,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":468,"minAge":469,"maxAge":470,"enrollmentInfo":471,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":473,"briefSummary":474,"conditions":475,"keywords":477,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":482,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":483,"startDateStruct":485,"completionDateStruct":486,"leadSponsor":488,"locationsCount":4},"100624822","the-effect-of-a-drama-based-coloring-storybook-on-childrens-fear-anxiety-and-pain-management-in-the-perioperative-process-alicans-brave-journey-100624822","NCT07414628","The Effect of a Drama-Based Coloring Storybook on Children's Fear, Anxiety, and Pain Management in the Perioperative Process: \"Alican's Brave Journey\"","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Children aged 6-9 years.\n* Children scheduled for surgery due to circumcision.\n* Children who have not undergone previous surgery.\n* Children without vision, hearing, or speech problems.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Children who have undergone previous surgery.\n* Children with vision, hearing, or speech problems.","MALE","6 Years","9 Years",{"count":472,"type":22},72,[25],"This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effect of a drama-based coloring storybook on children's fear, anxiety, and pain management during the perioperative process. The study will be conducted with children aged 6-9 years who are scheduled for elective surgery. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving the drama-based coloring storybook or a control group receiving routine preoperative care. Levels of fear, anxiety, and pain will be assessed using validated measurement tools at predefined perioperative time points. The findings are expected to contribute to evidence-based, child-centered perioperative care practices.",[28,476,130],"PAİN",[478,479,480,481,73],"Drama","Storybook","Pediatric","Pain","2026-02-12",{"date":484,"type":44},"2026-02-17",{"date":247,"type":22},{"date":487,"type":22},"2026-12-15",{"name":489,"class":51},"Bingol University",{"id":491,"slug":492,"hasResults":12,"nctId":493,"briefTitle":494,"officialTitle":495,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":496,"healthyVolunteers":497,"sex":468,"minAge":123,"maxAge":152,"enrollmentInfo":498,"targetDuration":382,"studyType":383,"phases":4,"briefSummary":500,"conditions":501,"keywords":503,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":507,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":508,"startDateStruct":510,"completionDateStruct":512,"leadSponsor":514,"locationsCount":86},"100623985","ride-on-toy-car-use-during-operating-room-transfer-in-preschool-children-100623985","NCT07403747","Ride-On Toy Car Use During Operating Room Transfer in Preschool Children","Evaluation of the Effects of Ride-On Toy Car Use During Operating Room Transfer on Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Delirium in Preschool Children","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Male children aged 3 to 7 years scheduled for elective adenoidectomy and\u002For tonsillectomy under general anesthesia\n* Ability to communicate verbally\n* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II\n* Written informed consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Presence of psychiatric disorders, genetic diseases, neurological or developmental disorders\n* Chronic pain conditions or ongoing medical treatments that may affect anxiety levels\n* Refusal to participate despite repeated encouragement by the investigators\n* Use of additional anxiolytic interventions or medications prior to the intervention outside the study protocol\n* Previous history of surgical procedures",true,{"count":499,"type":22},96,"The goal of this clinical trial is to determine whether the method of transfer to the operating room can reduce preoperative anxiety and postoperative emergence delirium in male children aged 3 to 7 years undergoing elective adenoidectomy and\u002For tonsillectomy.\n\nThe main questions it aims to answer are:\n\n* Does transfer using a ride-on toy car reduce preoperative anxiety compared with standard stretcher transfer?\n* Does this transfer method affect the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence delirium? Researchers will compare toy car transfer with standard hospital stretcher transfer to see if the toy car transfer is associated with lower anxiety levels and reduced emergence delirium.\n\nParticipants will:\n\n* Transfer to the operating room either using a ride-on toy car or a standard hospital stretcher\n* Have preoperative anxiety assessed at predefined time points\n* Be evaluated for postoperative emergence delirium during recovery",[28,502],"Emergence Delirium in Pediatric Anesthesia",[504,362,505,506],"Pediatric anesthesia","Toy car intervention","Emergence delirium","2026-02-05",{"date":509,"type":44},"2026-02-11",{"date":511,"type":44},"2025-11-01",{"date":513,"type":22},"2026-04-30",{"name":168,"class":51},{"id":516,"slug":517,"hasResults":12,"nctId":518,"briefTitle":519,"officialTitle":520,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":521,"healthyVolunteers":497,"sex":60,"minAge":123,"maxAge":152,"enrollmentInfo":522,"targetDuration":382,"studyType":383,"phases":4,"briefSummary":524,"conditions":525,"keywords":526,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":507,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":528,"startDateStruct":529,"completionDateStruct":530,"leadSponsor":532,"locationsCount":86},"100623987","personal-versus-hospital-provided-dolls-in-preschool-children-100623987","NCT07403773","Personal Versus Hospital-Provided Dolls in Preschool Children","Comparison of the Effects of Personal Versus Hospital-Provided Dolls on Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Delirium in Preschool Children","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Female children aged 3-7 years\n* Scheduled for elective adenoidectomy and\u002For tonsillectomy under general anesthesia\n* Able to communicate verbally\n* ASA physical status I or II, according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification\n* Written informed consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Presence of psychiatric, neurological, or developmental disorders\n* Presence of chronic pain or ongoing medical treatment that may affect anxiety levels\n* Refusal to participate despite repeated encouragement by the investigators\n* Use of additional anxiety-reducing methods or medications outside the study protocol prior to intervention\n* Previous surgical experience",{"count":523,"type":22},120,"The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of personal versus hospital-provided dolls on preoperative anxiety and postoperative delirium in preschool children aged 3-7 years undergoing elective adenoidectomy and\u002For tonsillectomy.\n\nThe main questions it aims to answer are:\n\n* Is the use of a personal doll or a hospital-provided doll associated with lower preoperative anxiety compared with no doll use?\n* Is dolls used associated with a reduced incidence and severity of postoperative emergence delirium?\n* Researchers will compare children accompanied by a hospital-provided doll, children accompanied by their personal doll, and children with no doll to assess differences in preoperative anxiety levels, serum cortisol concentrations, and postoperative delirium scores.\n\nParticipants will:\n\n* Be observed in one of three exposure groups (hospital-provided doll, personal doll, or no doll)\n* Undergo standardized preoperative anxiety assessments at predefined time points\n* Have serum cortisol levels measured during routine intravenous cannulation\n* Be assessed for postoperative delirium in the recovery unit",[28,502],[28,527,187],"Emergence Delirium",{"date":509,"type":44},{"date":247,"type":44},{"date":531,"type":22},"2026-07-30",{"name":168,"class":51},{"id":534,"slug":535,"hasResults":12,"nctId":536,"briefTitle":537,"officialTitle":538,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":539,"healthyVolunteers":497,"sex":60,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":540,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":542,"briefSummary":543,"conditions":544,"keywords":548,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":553,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":554,"startDateStruct":556,"completionDateStruct":558,"leadSponsor":560,"locationsCount":4},"100621266","qr-code-based-preoperative-education-for-cesarean-birth-anxiety-pain-and-comfort-100621266","NCT07368387","QR Code-Based Preoperative Education for Cesarean Birth: Anxiety, Pain, and Comfort","The Effect of QR Code-Based Preoperative Education on Anxiety, Postpartum Pain, and Comfort in Women Undergoing Cesarean Birth","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Pregnant women aged 18 years or older\n* Scheduled for elective (planned) cesarean birth\n* Able to read and understand Turkish and complete study questionnaires\n* Able to provide written informed consent\n* Has access to a smartphone and is able to use a QR code to view the educational materials (intervention arm)\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency cesarean birth or unplanned change to emergency surgery\n* Presence of high-risk pregnancy or serious obstetric\u002Fmedical complications requiring intensive management (e.g., severe preeclampsia\u002Feclampsia, major hemorrhage risk, unstable systemic disease)\n* Known psychiatric disorder or current use of medications that may substantially affect anxiety assessment (as judged by the clinical team)\n* Communication barriers that prevent participation (e.g., severe visual\u002Fhearing impairment, cognitive impairment) or inability to complete questionnaires\n* No smartphone access or inability\u002Funwillingness to use QR code materials (for intervention delivery)\n* Refusal to participate or withdrawal of consent at any time",{"count":541,"type":22},88,[25],"This study aims to evaluate the effect of QR code-based preoperative education on anxiety, postpartum pain, and comfort levels in women undergoing cesarean birth. Cesarean delivery is a common surgical procedure, and insufficient preoperative information may increase anxiety and negatively affect postoperative recovery and comfort.\n\nIn this randomized controlled study, eligible pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean birth will be assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. Women in the intervention group will receive preoperative education delivered through QR code-based digital materials, including information about the cesarean procedure, postoperative pain management, and comfort-enhancing strategies. The control group will receive routine care provided by the hospital.\n\nAnxiety levels will be assessed preoperatively, while postpartum pain and comfort levels will be evaluated after delivery using validated measurement tools. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the development of accessible and effective educational interventions to improve maternal well-being and postoperative outcomes in cesarean birth.",[28,545,546,547],"Postpartum Pain","Maternal Comfort","Cesarean Birth",[547,68,549,550,545,546,551,76,552],"QR Code-Based Education","Maternal Anxiety","Digital Health Education","Prenatal Education","2026-01-18",{"date":555,"type":44},"2026-01-26",{"date":557,"type":22},"2026-02-02",{"date":559,"type":22},"2026-06-20",{"name":561,"class":51},"Karabuk University",{"id":563,"slug":564,"hasResults":12,"nctId":565,"briefTitle":566,"officialTitle":567,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":568,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":569,"maxAge":177,"enrollmentInfo":570,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":571,"briefSummary":572,"conditions":573,"keywords":574,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":580,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":581,"startDateStruct":583,"completionDateStruct":585,"leadSponsor":586,"locationsCount":588},"100553687","comparing-two-doses-of-oral-melatonin-as-premedication-in-children-undergoing-surgery-100553687","NCT06489327","Comparing Two Doses of Oral Melatonin as Premedication in Children Undergoing Surgery","Comparing Two Doses of Oral Melatonin as Premedication in Children Undergoing Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients of either sex\n* age from 4 to 14 years\n* Patients with American society Anesthesiologist physical status I and II\n* Patients undergoing elective surgeries\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* ASA more than III\n* Drug allergy.\n* Gastrointestinal disorders.","4 Years",{"count":523,"type":22},[25],"Preoperative anxiety is a common issue in pediatric anesthesia. Children often experience anxiety and uneasiness due to uncertain outcomes. Surgery and anesthesia are among the most traumatic experiences for children, often considered anxiety-inducing medical treatments. Because they lack control over their environment and circumstances, children undergoing medical procedures typically experience significant unease or anxiety. Several studies have reported that 50%-80% of children experience preoperative anxiety.\n\nIn order to reduce kids anxiety intensity, several measures are utilized. These strategies are either pharmacological, psychological, or behavioural. Benzodiazepines are popular drugs that can reduce anxiety in children. The most used one in premedication is midazolam. It is a rapid-acting benzodiazepine that has a short elimination half-life. It has sedative, anxiolytic, hypnotic, and anterograde amnesic effects. Midazolam, on the other hand, might have a number of negative consequences, including paradoxical reactions, interactions with opioids, excessive sedation, disorientation, and reduced psychomotor performance.\n\nMelatonin enhances anti-nociceptive effects, most prominently through the modulation of MT1\u002FMT2 receptors in the brain and spinal cord. In addition, it has been demonstrated that melatonin can interact with additional receptors, including those in the GABAergic system, the nitric oxide (NO)arginine route, the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) system, and the dopaminergic system, to produce anti-nociceptive and anti-allodynic effects.",[28],[219,575,576,577,578,579],"general anesthesia","major surgery","oral melatonin","placebo","premedication","2026-01-04",{"date":582,"type":44},"2026-01-06",{"date":584,"type":22},"2026-07-12",{"date":487,"type":22},{"name":587,"class":51},"Al-Azhar University",2,{"id":590,"slug":591,"hasResults":12,"nctId":592,"briefTitle":593,"officialTitle":594,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":595,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":596,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":598,"briefSummary":599,"conditions":600,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":40,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":604,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":605,"startDateStruct":607,"completionDateStruct":609,"leadSponsor":611,"locationsCount":86},"100614998","enhanced-ward-rounds-and-communication-for-pre-procedural-anxiety-in-gi-endoscopy-patients-100614998","NCT07286877","Enhanced Ward Rounds and Communication for Pre-procedural Anxiety in GI Endoscopy Patients","Enhanced Ward-Round Frequency With Standardized Communication for Pre-procedural Anxiety in Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Age ≥18 years.\n2. Inpatients scheduled for therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy (e.g., ESD\u002FEMR, therapeutic colonoscopy).\n3. Able to provide informed consent and complete required assessments.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\nEmergency\u002Fimmediate endoscopy required.\n\n1. Severe cognitive impairment or psychotic disorder affecting assessments. Isolation\u002Fsingle room preventing protocol implementation.\n2. Unable to complete the primary pre-procedure assessment within the 2-4 hour window.",{"count":597,"type":22},1000,[25],"This study tests a new way to help reduce anxiety in hospitalized patients waiting for therapeutic gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy procedures, like EMR or ESD. Anxiety before these procedures is common and can make preparation harder, increase medication needs, and affect recovery.\n\nWe compare standard ward checks (twice a day) to enhanced checks (four times a day) with structured talks and simple relaxation exercises. The goal is to see if the enhanced approach lowers anxiety levels, measured by a standard scale called the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), from baseline to 24 hours before the procedure.\n\nWho can join? Adults (18+) scheduled for inpatient GI endoscopy with at least 2 days hospital stay and mild anxiety. Exclusions include emergencies or severe mental health issues.\n\nThe study is done in hospital wards, with groups assigned by ward periods to keep it real-world. Benefits may include less anxiety and better experience; risks are low as it's just more supportive talks. Participation is voluntary with informed consent. Results could improve hospital care routines.",[73,601,602,603,28],"Depression Disorders","Sleep Wake Disorders","Gastrointestinal Diseases","2025-12-13",{"date":606,"type":44},"2025-12-16",{"date":608,"type":22},"2026-01-15",{"date":610,"type":22},"2027-02-20",{"name":612,"class":51},"LanZhou University",{"id":614,"slug":615,"hasResults":12,"nctId":616,"briefTitle":617,"officialTitle":617,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":618,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":19,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":619,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":621,"briefSummary":622,"conditions":623,"keywords":624,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":629,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":630,"startDateStruct":632,"completionDateStruct":634,"leadSponsor":636,"locationsCount":86},"100615054","evaluating-the-impact-of-virtual-reality-on-mood-in-patients-undergoing-magnetic-resonance-guided-focused-ultrasound-for-medication-refractory-essential-tremor-100615054","NCT07287605","Evaluating the Impact of Virtual Reality on Mood in Patients Undergoing Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Medication-Refractory Essential Tremor","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients must be over the age of 18 and have been approved and consented for MRgFUS thalamotomy for medication-refractory essential tremor\n* Subjects must be and willing to give consent and able to attend all study visits and MRgFUS procedure, understanding the associated risks and benefits.\n* Participants must be willing or able to complete questionnaires or have someone who can complete them on their behalf.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients prone to epileptic seizures and\u002For sensory issues will be excluded from the study.\n* Patients who have previously undergone an MRgFUS procedure (ipsilateral or contralateral to the hemisphere currently being treated) will be excluded.",{"count":620,"type":22},60,[25],"The primary objective of this randomized study is to evaluate the effect of a virtual reality (VR) video on pre-treatment anxiety levels in individuals undergoing magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatment for medication-refractory essential tremor (ET). Participants will be randomized to view one of two VR videos, and pre-treatment anxiety levels will be compared between groups.\n\nAs a secondary objective, the study will compare patient concerns (including claustrophobia, mental preparedness, and fear of pain, as well as any additional concerns identified during the study) between the two randomized groups.",[28],[625,626,627,628,219],"medication-refractory essential tremor","focused ultrasound","virtual reality intervention","MRgFUS","2025-12-03",{"date":631,"type":44},"2025-12-17",{"date":633,"type":44},"2025-06-19",{"date":635,"type":22},"2027-03",{"name":637,"class":51},"Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre",{"id":639,"slug":640,"hasResults":12,"nctId":641,"briefTitle":642,"officialTitle":642,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":643,"healthyVolunteers":12,"sex":18,"minAge":644,"maxAge":645,"enrollmentInfo":646,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":23,"phases":648,"briefSummary":650,"conditions":651,"keywords":658,"overallStatus":160,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":661,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":662,"startDateStruct":664,"completionDateStruct":666,"leadSponsor":668,"locationsCount":588},"100581678","phase-4-determination-of-ed50-and-ed95-with-clinical-efficacy-of-intranasal-dexmedetomidine-combined-with-esketamine-for-preoperative-sedation-in-pediatric-general-anesthesia-100581678","NCT06853431","Determination of ED50 and ED95 With Clinical Efficacy of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Combined With Esketamine for Preoperative Sedation in Pediatric General Anesthesia","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. ASA physical status classification Grade I or II;\n2. Age 1-6 years old;\n3. Children who need to undergo general anesthesia for elective surgery;\n4. Weight within the normal range;\n5. Signed informed consent form. -\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. The child's guardian or the child themselves refuses to participate in the study;\n2. Patients with contraindications for sedation\u002Fanesthesia or a history of abnormal recovery from sedation\u002Fanesthesia;\n3. Individuals known to be allergic to the study drugs, opioid drugs, or rescue medications;\n4. Individuals with a history of heart, brain, liver, kidney, or metabolic diseases;\n5. Individuals with an upper respiratory tract infection within the past two weeks;\n6. Individuals with other diseases that may cause harm to the subject. -","12 Months","72 Months",{"count":647,"type":22},80,[649],"PHASE4","For pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia, poor anesthesia induction compliance often has adverse effects on individual behavior in the early postoperative period. Dexmedetomidine can reduce the cardiovascular responses and postoperative mental adverse reactions caused by esketamine anesthesia induction \\[6\\]. This study aims to explore the ED50 and ED95 and clinical effects of the combination of dexmedetomidine and esketamine nasal drops for preoperative sedation in children of different ages undergoing general anesthesia, providing a theoretical basis for the combined use of dexmedetomidine and esketamine for preoperative sedation in children undergoing general anesthesia.",[28,652,158,653,654,655,656,657],"Preoperative Sedation","Dexmedetomidine","Esketamine","ED95","ED50","Preoperative Sedation of Children",[28,659,158,653,654,655,656,660],"Preoperative sedation","preoperative sedation of children","2025-11-24",{"date":663,"type":44},"2025-12-02",{"date":665,"type":44},"2025-03-01",{"date":667,"type":22},"2025-11-30",{"name":669,"class":51},"Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University"]