[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"health-studies-list:{\"conditionNormalized\":\"surgical-site-infection-ssi\",\"overallStatus\":[\"RECRUITING\",\"AVAILABLE\",\"NOT_YET_RECRUITING\"],\"orderBy\":\"LastUpdateSubmitDate:desc\",\"size\":25,\"offset\":0}":3,"health-study-condition:surgical-site-infection-ssi":25},{"pageToken":4,"total":5,"offset":6,"count":5,"results":7},null,16,0,[8,44,81,103,122,154,185,209,236,262,287,315,359,385,408,436],{"id":9,"slug":10,"hasResults":11,"nctId":12,"briefTitle":13,"officialTitle":13,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":14,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":17,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":21,"briefSummary":23,"conditions":24,"keywords":26,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":32,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":33,"startDateStruct":36,"completionDateStruct":38,"leadSponsor":40,"locationsCount":43},"100053465","rationale-of-subcutaneous-levofloxacin-infiltration-as-an-adjunct-for-surgical-site-infection-prevention-in-emergency-laparotomy-100053465",false,"NCT07696819","Rationale of Subcutaneous Levofloxacin Infiltration as an Adjunct for Surgical Site Infection Prevention in Emergency Laparotomy","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients aged 18 years and above\n* Patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for contaminated surgical pathology\n* Patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for dirty\u002Finfected surgical pathology\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients with known hypersensitivity to levofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones\n* Pregnant women or lactating mothers\n* Patients with pre-existing severe renal impairment\n* Patients with pre-existing skin infection at the incision site\n* Patients requiring re-laparotomy within 48 hours","ALL","18 Years",{"count":18,"type":19},90,"ESTIMATED","INTERVENTIONAL",[22],"NA","Surgical site infection (SSI) remains a major cause of postoperative morbidity following emergency laparotomy, particularly in contaminated and dirty\u002Finfected abdominal conditions. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis alone often fails to achieve adequate local tissue concentrations at the incision site due to impaired perfusion, contributing to persistently high SSI rates in this population.\n\nThis trial evaluates subcutaneous infiltration of levofloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with favorable tissue penetration, administered along the wound edges immediately prior to skin closure, as an adjunct to standard surgical and antibiotic management.\n\nThis study is investigator-initiated and will be conducted as a single-center trial within the Department of Surgery, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital.",[25],"Surgical Site Infection (SSI)",[27,28,29,30],"Surgical Site Infection","Emergency Laparotomy","Subcutaneous Infiltration","Levofloxacin","NOT_YET_RECRUITING","2026-07-10",{"date":34,"type":35},"2026-07-13","ACTUAL",{"date":37,"type":19},"2026-08-01",{"date":39,"type":19},"2026-10-31",{"name":41,"class":42},"Sylhet M.A.G.Osmani Medical College","OTHER",1,{"id":45,"slug":46,"hasResults":11,"nctId":47,"briefTitle":48,"officialTitle":49,"acronym":50,"eligibilityCriteria":51,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":52,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":53,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":55,"briefSummary":57,"conditions":58,"keywords":61,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":72,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":73,"startDateStruct":75,"completionDateStruct":77,"leadSponsor":79,"locationsCount":43},"100644078","phase-4-investigation-of-the-preventia-irrigation-solution-for-reducing-bacteria-in-spinal-surgery-with-implants---a-comparative-study-100644078","NCT07667036","Investigation of the PREVENTIA® Irrigation Solution for Reducing Bacteria in Spinal Surgery With Implants - A Comparative Study","Prevention of Bacterial Contamination in Spinal Fusion Surgery Using Polyhexanide-Poloxamer Wound Irrigation - a Randomized Clinical Trial","PROTECT-SPINE","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age more than 18 years\n* Plan to undergo elective spinal fusion surgery (including thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and sacrum and coccyx)\n* Informed consent as documented by signature\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency spine surgery\n* Previous spine fusion surgery\n* Unable to follow the comply with the study procedure or provide informed consent\n* Known allergies to any of the products used in the trial\n* Female gender\n* Current or recent (last 14 days) antibiotic therapy\n* Participation in another trial with an antimicrobial substance within the 30 days preceding and during the present trial\n* Known or suspected drug or alcohol abuse\n* Inability to follow the procedures of the investigation, e.g. due to language problems, psychological disorders, dementia, etc. of the subject\n* Evidence or suspicion of preexisting infection, defined as:\n\nCurrent local infection (or active treatment) involving the spine or adjacent soft tissues (e.g. spondylodiscitis, epidural or paravertebral abscess, cellulitis at the intervention site) diagnosed clinically or by imaging prior to intervention; Active systemic bacterial\u002Ffungal infection requiring antimicrobial therapy","MALE",{"count":54,"type":19},114,[56],"PHASE4","Spinal surgery carries a risk of surgical wound infections (i.e., the entry of bacteria). Despite various preventive measures, such infections continue to occur, particularly in operations involving implants. In this study, we would like to investigate whether rinsing the surgical wound with a special irrigation solution called PREVENTIA® can reduce the number of bacteria in the wound during the operation.",[25,59,60],"Spine Surgery","Surgical Site Infection Prevention",[62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71],"SSI","surgical site infection","spinal surgery","spinal fusion surgery","preventia","polyhexanide","poloxamer","biofilm","infection prevention","spondylodesis","2026-06-24",{"date":74,"type":35},"2026-06-29",{"date":76,"type":19},"2027-01-01",{"date":78,"type":19},"2028-12-31",{"name":80,"class":42},"Universität Luzern",{"id":82,"slug":83,"hasResults":11,"nctId":84,"briefTitle":85,"officialTitle":85,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":86,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":87,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":89,"briefSummary":90,"conditions":91,"keywords":92,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":95,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":96,"startDateStruct":97,"completionDateStruct":99,"leadSponsor":101,"locationsCount":4},"100641224","phase-4-continuous-infusion-versus-intermittent-iv-bolus-of-cefazolin-prevention-of-surgical-site-infection-during-orthopedic-surgeries-in-egyptian-patients-100641224","NCT07655596","Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent IV Bolus of Cefazolin: Prevention of Surgical Site Infection During Orthopedic Surgeries in Egyptian Patients.","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Orthopaedic surgical ward patients who underwent major surgery.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients who require reoperation within 30 days.\n* Immunosuppressant patients.\n* Patients who are not adherent to the protocol time or dosing, either preoperatively, during, or postoperatively.\n* Pregnancy or breastfeeding.",{"count":88,"type":19},100,[56],"A randomized controlled trial on adults who underwent orthopedic surgery. To evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative continuous infusion (CI) of cefazolin compared with intermittent (INT) cefazolin administration in preventing SSIs in the orthopedic surgical population.\n\nEligible patients will be randomized in a block design into 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention group will use continuous infusion of cefazolin (CI), while the control group will follow the traditional presurgical prophylaxis protocol of intermittent cefazolin doses (INT).",[25],[93,94],"cefazolin","orthopedic surgery","2026-06-19",{"date":72,"type":35},{"date":98,"type":19},"2026-07-01",{"date":100,"type":19},"2026-12-31",{"name":102,"class":42},"Helwan University",{"id":104,"slug":105,"hasResults":11,"nctId":106,"briefTitle":107,"officialTitle":107,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":108,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":109,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":110,"briefSummary":111,"conditions":112,"keywords":113,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":95,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":118,"startDateStruct":119,"completionDateStruct":120,"leadSponsor":121,"locationsCount":4},"100641172","phase-4-continuous-infusion-versus-intermittent-iv-bolus-of-cefazolin-prevention-of-surgical-site-infection-during-cabg-surgeries-in-egyptian-patients-100641172","NCT07658378","Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent IV Bolus of Cefazolin: Prevention of Surgical Site Infection During CABG Surgeries in Egyptian Patients.","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Cardiothoracic ICU-admitted patients who underwent CABG on CPB.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients who require reoperation within 30 days.\n* Immunosuppressant patients.\n* Patients who are not adherent to the protocol time or dosing, either preoperatively, during, or postoperatively.\n* Pregnancy or breastfeeding.\n* Patients who refused to sign the informed consent.",{"count":88,"type":19},[56],"A randomized controlled trial on adults who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. To evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative continuous infusion (CI) of cefazolin compared with intermittent (INT) cefazolin administration in preventing surgical site infection in the CABG population.\n\nEligible patients will be randomized using a block design into 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention group will use continuous infusion of cefazolin (CI), while the control group will follow the traditional presurgical prophylaxis protocol of intermittent cefazolin doses (INT).",[25],[93,114,115,63,116,117],"continuous infusion","intermittent","surgical prophylaxis","CABG",{"date":72,"type":35},{"date":98,"type":19},{"date":100,"type":19},{"name":102,"class":42},{"id":123,"slug":124,"hasResults":11,"nctId":125,"briefTitle":126,"officialTitle":127,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":128,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":129,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":130,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":132,"briefSummary":133,"conditions":134,"keywords":139,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":145,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":146,"startDateStruct":148,"completionDateStruct":150,"leadSponsor":152,"locationsCount":4},"100642717","prophylactic-use-of-cinpwt-in-gynecologic-laparotomy-100642717","NCT07645547","Prophylactic Use of ciNPWT in Gynecologic Laparotomy","Implementation of Prophylactic Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (ciNPWT) in High-Risk Patients in Gynecologic Oncology: A Prospective Feasibility Study and Nested Qualitative Analysis","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Adult female patients scheduled for planned abdominal surgery for gynecologic or gynecologic-oncologic indications.\n\nIdentification as \"high-risk\" for wound healing complications based on a clinical risk screening at admission.\n\nSigned informed consent.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Failure to provide informed consent.","FEMALE",{"count":131,"type":19},30,[22],"This is a prospective, open-label, non-randomized interventional feasibility study with a nested qualitative analysis. The study exploratively verifies the feasibility of targeted prophylactic closed incision negative pressure wound therapy (ciNPWT) in clinical practice for patients with a high predicted risk of wound healing complications and compares the 30-day incidence of postoperative complications with standard dressing.\n\nParticipants will:\n\n* Get ciNPWT or standard dressing after planned laparotomy\n* Answer the questionairs about qualite of life\n* Will visit the clinic 30 days after surgery to see the final result",[25,135,136,137,138],"Wound Healing Complication","Seroma","Hematoma","Dehiscence",[140,141,63,62,142,143,144],"ciNPWT","laparotomy","feasibility","PROMs","ASEPSIS","2026-06-11",{"date":147,"type":35},"2026-06-12",{"date":149,"type":19},"2026-07",{"date":151,"type":19},"2028-12",{"name":153,"class":42},"University Hospital Hradec Kralove",{"id":155,"slug":156,"hasResults":11,"nctId":157,"briefTitle":158,"officialTitle":159,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":160,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":4,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":161,"targetDuration":163,"studyType":164,"phases":4,"briefSummary":165,"conditions":166,"keywords":169,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":176,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":177,"startDateStruct":179,"completionDateStruct":181,"leadSponsor":183,"locationsCount":43},"100642614","infection-prevention-for-bellwether-surgery-in-ethiopia-100642614","NCT07647796","Infection Prevention for \"Bellwether\" Surgery in Ethiopia","Infection Prevention for \"Bellwether\" Surgery in Ethiopia: Efficacy, Antimicrobial Resistance, Long-term Patient Outcomes, and Cost-effectiveness","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency Caesarean section.\n* Open tibia\u002Ffemur fractures.\n* Treated at participating Ethiopian hospitals.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Elective or non-bellwether surgeries.\n* Inability to provide informed consent.\n* Lost to follow-up for 24-month assessment.",{"count":162,"type":19},1000,"24 Months","OBSERVATIONAL","The study examines surgical site infections and antimicrobial resistance following life-saving surgeries like C-sections and leg fracture repairs in Ethiopia. It does not include healthy volunteers because it specifically focuses on patients who require these urgent operations due to medical necessity. Eligible participants are those undergoing these specific procedures at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital or other participating public hospitals. While the birth-related portion is for females, the trauma portion includes both men and women, generally of reproductive or working age with no upper age limit. People are excluded if they are having elective surgeries, cannot provide consent, or cannot be reached for the two-year follow-up period. The researchers use a mixed intervention based on the \"Clean Cut\" safety bundle, which includes staff training, surgical checklists, and regular audits. The main goals are to measure infection rates within 30 days of surgery and track how well patients can function in their daily lives using the WHODAS scale up to 24 months later.",[167,168,25],"Ceserean Section","Lower Limb Fractures",[170,171,172,173,174,175],"Surgical Site Infections","Global Surgery","Ethiopia","Multidrug resistance","Antimicrobial resistance","Subsahara Africa","2026-06-09",{"date":178,"type":35},"2026-06-15",{"date":180,"type":19},"2026-09-01",{"date":182,"type":19},"2030-08-01",{"name":184,"class":42},"Karolinska Institutet",{"id":186,"slug":187,"hasResults":11,"nctId":188,"briefTitle":189,"officialTitle":190,"acronym":191,"eligibilityCriteria":192,"healthyVolunteers":193,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":194,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":196,"briefSummary":197,"conditions":198,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":199,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":200,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":201,"startDateStruct":203,"completionDateStruct":205,"leadSponsor":207,"locationsCount":43},"100637697","subcutaneous-suture-versus-no-subcutaneous-suture-for-abdominal-wound-closure-100637697","NCT07615517","Subcutaneous Suture Versus no Subcutaneous Suture for Abdominal Wound Closure","Subcutaneous Suture Versus no Subcutaneous Suture for Abdominal Wound Closure in Abdominal Surgery","SUTURE","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Adult patients (≥18 years)\n* elective laparotomy (midline laparotomy, transverse laparotomy, subcostal incision, thoracoabdominal incision, or extended Pfannenstiel incision) or laparoscopically assisted abdominal surgery with a specimen extraction incision of at least 6 cm.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Emergency laparotomy.\n* Anticipated or documented non-compliance with study procedures or follow-up.\n* Patients in whom primary wound closure cannot be achieved at the end of surgery.\n* Patients unable to provide informed consent.",true,{"count":195,"type":19},655,[22],"Surgical site infections are among the most frequent complications after abdominal surgery and are associated with impaired wound healing, prolonged hospital stay, additional treatments, and increased healthcare costs. Closure of the subcutaneous tissue before skin closure is commonly performed in abdominal surgery, but the available evidence supporting this practice remains limited and heterogeneous, particularly outside caesarean section surgery.\n\nThe SUTURE trial is a prospective, randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded superiority trial evaluating whether subcutaneous tissue closure reduces the incidence of surgical site infections after abdominal surgery. Adult patients undergoing elective open or laparoscopically\u002Frobotically assisted abdominal surgery with an abdominal incision of at least 6 cm will be randomized intraoperatively after fascial closure to either subcutaneous tissue closure using interrupted Vicryl® 2-0 sutures or no subcutaneous tissue closure. The primary endpoint is the occurrence of surgical site infection according to CDC criteria grade I-II within 30 days after surgery.\n\nThe trial aims to provide high-quality evidence on whether routine subcutaneous tissue closure should be recommended as a standardized wound closure strategy in abdominal surgery.",[25,135],"RECRUITING","2026-05-22",{"date":202,"type":35},"2026-05-29",{"date":204,"type":35},"2026-03-23",{"date":206,"type":19},"2028-05-30",{"name":208,"class":42},"University Hospital Augsburg",{"id":210,"slug":211,"hasResults":11,"nctId":212,"briefTitle":213,"officialTitle":214,"acronym":215,"eligibilityCriteria":216,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":217,"enrollmentInfo":218,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":220,"briefSummary":222,"conditions":223,"keywords":226,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":227,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":228,"startDateStruct":230,"completionDateStruct":231,"leadSponsor":233,"locationsCount":235},"100628176","phase-3-efficacy-of-integrating-next-generation-sequencing-for-treatment-of-surgical-site-infection-after-fracture-fixation-100628176","NCT07458230","Efficacy of Integrating Next Generation Sequencing for Treatment of Surgical Site Infection After Fracture Fixation:","Efficacy of Integrating Next Generation Sequencing for Treatment of Surgical Site Infection After Fracture Fixation: A Multicenter Randomized Control Trial","NGS","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Age 18-84 years\n* History of extremity fracture proximal to the metatarsals and carpal bones treated with any type of internal fixation. Note that both healed and unhealed fractures are eligible.\n* Deep infection requiring surgery after fracture fixation as determined by either of the following:\n\nFRI confirmatory criteria CDC criteria (without the timeframe). This includes the possibility of culture negative infection but determined to be infection by treatment team.\n\n* Plan for treatment includes antibiotic therapy prescribed by Infectious Disease provider(s), regardless of SOCHB culture or NGS results.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Spine fractures\n* High risk of amputation based on the initial managing physician opinion\n* Incarcerated\u002Finstitutionalized\n* Patient is too sick to have surgery, i.e., medical co-morbidities which preclude treatment with a general anesthetic\n* Prior history of chronic infection at the surgical site\n* Pathological fractures from a neoplastic process\n* History of Paget's Disease\n* Unavailable for the planned 12 months of follow-up (e.g., planned follow-up at a location other than one of the study sites)\n* Extremity fracture occurred more than 2 years prior to the hospital admission for the presenting infection","84 Years",{"count":219,"type":19},250,[221],"PHASE3","The study focuses on the serious problem of infections and wound-healing issues that can happen after high-energy bone fractures. These complications are common and can affect between 10% and 60% of patients, especially those with severe injuries. When a fracture is repaired with surgery and an infection develops afterward, patients often face long recovery times, more pain, and sometimes multiple surgeries. In the worst cases, the infection can lead to permanent disability or even amputation. The current standard test used in hospitals, called a culture, often misses certain bacteria, which can make treatment less effective. Because of this, the study aims to find out whether adding a newer test called Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) can help doctors identify infections more accurately and improve patient outcomes.\n\nThe main goal of the study is to see whether using NGS along with standard hospital cultures reduces the number of treatment failures compared to using standard cultures alone. Treatment failure means the infection does not get better and the patient must return to the operating room. The study also wants to learn whether NGS helps doctors make better antibiotic choices and avoid unnecessary or ineffective treatments. Another goal is to understand which NGS results are most helpful when doctors decide to change a patient's antibiotics. By learning this, researchers hope to create a model that explains how NGS information influences treatment decisions.\n\nTo join the study, patients must be between 18 and 84 years old and have a deep infection after a fracture was repaired with internal fixation, such as plates, screws, or rods. Patients must also meet infection criteria from either the Fracture-Related Infection (FRI) guidelines or the CDC's infection criteria. A total of 250 patients will be randomly placed into one of two groups: one group will receive treatment guided by both NGS and standard cultures, while the other group will receive treatment based only on standard cultures. Researchers will then compare how often treatment fails in each group.\n\nTreatment failure includes several possible outcomes. The most important is an unplanned return to the operating room because the infection did not improve. Other types of failure include new superficial infections that do not require surgery, bones that fail to heal properly (called nonunion), amputation, and complications caused by antibiotics. Patients will return for follow-up visits at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after joining the study so researchers can track the patient's progress and monitor for any problems.\n\nRight now, the failure rate for treating these infections using standard hospital cultures is about 30%, which is considered unacceptably high. The researchers believe that adding NGS will help lower this number because NGS can detect more types of bacteria, including ones that are hard to grow in a lab. With better information, doctors can choose antibiotics that are more likely to work the first time, which may reduce the need for additional surgeries and improve healing. This could be especially important for military service members, who often suffer high-energy injuries and face a greater risk of long-term complications if treatment fails.\n\nNGS is already available, covered by Medicare, and fast enough to be useful in real-time medical decisions. If this study shows that NGS improves treatment outcomes, hospitals could begin using it widely and quickly. The researchers hope that this approach will lead to fewer infections, better antibiotic use, faster recovery, and improved long-term function for patients.",[224,25,225],"Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)","Fracture Fixation",[224],"2026-05-07",{"date":229,"type":35},"2026-05-08",{"date":98,"type":19},{"date":232,"type":19},"2028-10-01",{"name":234,"class":42},"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health",18,{"id":237,"slug":238,"hasResults":11,"nctId":239,"briefTitle":240,"officialTitle":241,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":242,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":4,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":243,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":245,"briefSummary":246,"conditions":247,"keywords":248,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":253,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":254,"startDateStruct":256,"completionDateStruct":258,"leadSponsor":260,"locationsCount":4},"100639958","effect-of-early-vs-late-water-exposure-after-cutaneous-surgery-100639958","NCT07580274","Effect of Early vs Late Water Exposure After Cutaneous Surgery","Effect of Early vs Late Exposure of Water Post-cutaneous Surgeries : A Randomized Controlled Trial","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients undergoing elective surgical procedures, such as excision of benign or malignant skin lesions, skin grafts, and skin biopsies.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* 1.Patients on anti-coagulants.\n\n  2.Compromised immune systems e.g. pregnancy, diabetes, immunosuppressive therapies.\n\n  3.Wounds that are located in areas with significant movements (e.g. joints) or that are highly prone to external contaminants (e.g. mucosal surfaces) which might bias result.",{"count":244,"type":19},82,[22],"This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effect of early versus delayed water exposure after cutaneous surgeries on the incidence of surgical site infections. Patients undergoing elective cutaneous surgical procedures will be randomly assigned to either early postoperative water exposure within 48 hours or delayed exposure after 7 days. Wound outcomes will be assessed using the Southampton Wound Grading System during follow-up visits. The study seeks to determine whether early water exposure is safe and whether it influences postoperative wound healing and infection rates.",[25],[249,250,251,252],"Cutaneous surgery","Surgical wound infection","Early water exposure","Post operative wound care","2026-05-06",{"date":255,"type":35},"2026-05-12",{"date":257,"type":19},"2026-06-01",{"date":259,"type":19},"2026-12-01",{"name":261,"class":42},"Pak Emirates Military Hospital",{"id":263,"slug":264,"hasResults":11,"nctId":265,"briefTitle":266,"officialTitle":266,"acronym":267,"eligibilityCriteria":268,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":269,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":271,"briefSummary":272,"conditions":273,"keywords":274,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":278,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":279,"startDateStruct":281,"completionDateStruct":283,"leadSponsor":285,"locationsCount":4},"100635086","effects-of-intensive-glycemic-control-in-the-postoperative-period-of-neurosurgical-patients-on-the-incidence-of-surgical-site-infection-100635086","NCT07548112","Effects of Intensive Glycemic Control in the Postoperative Period of Neurosurgical Patients on the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection","Brain Sugar","Inclusion Criteria\n\n* Adults aged ≥18 years\n* Patients undergoing elective cranial neurosurgical procedures classified as clean surgeries\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients who underwent any surgical or neurosurgical procedure within 30 days prior to enrollment\n* Presence of active infection at any site\n* Patients undergoing emergency or urgent neurosurgical procedures\n* Patients with trauma and exposed brain tissue\n* Diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis\n* Blood glucose levels \\>600 mg\u002FdL",{"count":270,"type":19},572,[22],"Surgical site infections (SSIs) are frequent complications in neurosurgical patients, often worsened by perioperative hyperglycemia. This randomized, controlled trial will compare intensive glycemic control (continuous insulin infusion, 140-180 mg\u002FdL) with standard care (subcutaneous insulin, 81-180 mg\u002FdL) in 544 patients. The primary outcome is SSI occurrence within 90 days post-surgery. Results aim to guide optimal glycemic management for SSI prevention in neurosurgery.",[25],[275,27,276,277],"Nursing","Neurosurgery","Glycemic Control","2026-04-20",{"date":280,"type":35},"2026-04-23",{"date":282,"type":19},"2026-04-05",{"date":284,"type":19},"2027-10",{"name":286,"class":42},"University of Sao Paulo",{"id":288,"slug":289,"hasResults":11,"nctId":290,"briefTitle":291,"officialTitle":292,"acronym":293,"eligibilityCriteria":294,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":295,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":296,"briefSummary":297,"conditions":298,"keywords":301,"overallStatus":199,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":305,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":306,"startDateStruct":308,"completionDateStruct":310,"leadSponsor":312,"locationsCount":314},"100635222","the-spotlight-study-early-identification-of-post-surgical-infections-using-bedside-ultrasound-100635222","NCT07549880","The Spotlight Study: Early Identification of Post-Surgical Infections Using Bedside Ultrasound.","Post-Laparotomy Fluid Monitoring With Point of Care Ultrasonography : Predicting Surgical Site Infection & Optimizing Patient Convalescence (SPOTLIGHT Study).","SPOTLIGHT","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Adults \\>18 years.\n* Undergoing emergency or elective laparotomy.\n* Primary or delayed primary wound closure (DPC).\n* Wound classification: clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, or dirty.\n* Informed consent obtained.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Laparoscopic surgery\n* Wounds healing by secondary intention.\n* Ongoing wound dehiscence treatment with Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT).\n* Non-Danish residents",{"count":88,"type":19},[22],"Introduction:\n\nThe goal of this observational study is to learn whether point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) can help detect early fluid build-up under the skin after open abdominal surgery (laparotomy) and whether these findings can predict surgical site infection. The study includes adults who recently had emergency or planned open abdominal surgery.\n\nHypothesis:\n\nThe main questions it aims to answer are:\n\n1. Does ultrasound identify subcutaneous fluid collections early after surgery?\n2. Do these fluid collections help predict which participants will develop a surgical site infection?\n\nIntervention:\n\nParticipants will:\n\n1. Have a superficial wound swab taken once at the start of the study (for research only).\n2. Receive three ultrasound scans of their surgical wound during days 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 after surgery.\n3. Have their wound checked for redness, swelling, tenderness, or discharge before each scan.\n4. Be followed for 7 and 30 days after surgery (and up to 90 days if they have implanted mesh) to see whether an infection develops.\n\nUltrasound is non-invasive and safe. According to the protocol, \"no serious adverse effects are expected,\" though some participants may feel brief discomfort from pressure on a tender wound.\n\nThis study will help researchers understand whether routine bedside ultrasound can support earlier detection of wound infections and improve postoperative care in the future.",[25,299,300],"Emergency Laparotomies","Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)",[302,303,304],"point of care ultrasound (POCUS)","surgical site infection (SSI)","Emergency laparotomies","2026-04-17",{"date":307,"type":35},"2026-04-24",{"date":309,"type":35},"2026-04-10",{"date":311,"type":19},"2027-08-30",{"name":313,"class":42},"Slagelse Hospital",3,{"id":316,"slug":317,"hasResults":11,"nctId":318,"briefTitle":319,"officialTitle":319,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":320,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":321,"maxAge":16,"enrollmentInfo":322,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":324,"briefSummary":325,"conditions":326,"keywords":336,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":305,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":352,"startDateStruct":353,"completionDateStruct":355,"leadSponsor":357,"locationsCount":43},"100635064","phase-4-efficacy-and-cost-effectiveness-of-topical-vancomycin-powder-in-preventing-pediatric-ventriculoperitoneal-shunt-infections-across-different-etiologies-100635064","NCT07547826","Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Topical Vancomycin Powder in Preventing Pediatric Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infections Across Different Etiologies","Inclusion Criteria:\n\nPatients will be enrolled in the study if they meet all the following criteria:\n\n* Age Range: Paediatric patients from birth (neonates) up to 18 years of age.\n* Indication: Patients undergoing primary (first-time) Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion.\n* Aetiology: Hydrocephalus due to congenital causes, post-haemorrhagic, or post-inflammatory origins.\n* Consent: Written informed consent provided by the parents or legal guardians.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\nTo ensure that the infection rate is strictly related to the surgical procedure and not to external chronic factors, patients with the following will be excluded:\n\n* Tumor-related Hydrocephalus: Due to the impact of malignancy, chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, or potential radiotherapy on wound integrity.\n* Co-morbidities: Patients with Diabetes Mellitus, chronic renal failure, or known immunodeficiency disorders (to isolate paediatric physiological response).\n* Active Infection: Clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic sepsis or meningitis at the time of surgery.\n* Hypersensitivity: Known history of allergy to Vancomycin.\n* Revision Surgery: Patients undergoing shunt revision or replacement due to previous infection within the last 3 months.\n* Local Skin Issues: Active dermatitis or infection at any of the planned incision sites.\n* Complex Hydrocephalus: Patients requiring additional concurrent neurosurgical procedures (e.g., tumor biopsy, Chiari decompression, or cyst fenestration) to avoid prolonged operative time as a confounding risk factor for infection.\"","1 Day",{"count":323,"type":19},164,[56],"Objectives\n\n* Primary:\n* To measure the reduction in VP shunt infection rates using topical vancomycin powder.\n* Secondary:\n* To compare efficacy across different Etiological Strata (Congenital, Post-hemorrhagic, post-inflammatory).\n* To analyze the microbiological profile of failed cases.\n* To compare the \"Time-to-Infection\" and shunt survival rates between the study and control groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis.\n* To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of TVP compared to the standard management and historical AIC data",[327,328,25,329,330,331,332,333,334,335],"Hydrocephalus","Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infection","Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infection","Pediatric Hydrocephalus","Hydrocephalus in Children","Hydrocephalus in Infants","Postoperative Complications","Prosthesis-Related Infections","Bacterial Infections and Mycoses",[337,338,339,328,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,27,347,348,349,350,351],"Topical Vancomycin Powder","Vancomycin Crystalline Powder","Biofilm Prevention","Congenital Hydrocephalus","Post-Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus","Post-Meningitic Hydrocephalus","Cost-Effectiveness","Resource-Limited Settings","Pediatric Neurosurgery","Antibiotic Stewardship","Antibiotic-Impregnated Catheters","Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt","Surgical Wound Infection","VP Shunt Infection","AIC",{"date":280,"type":35},{"date":354,"type":19},"2026-05",{"date":356,"type":19},"2027-12",{"name":358,"class":42},"Assiut University",{"id":360,"slug":361,"hasResults":11,"nctId":362,"briefTitle":363,"officialTitle":364,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":365,"healthyVolunteers":193,"sex":129,"minAge":16,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":366,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":368,"briefSummary":369,"conditions":370,"keywords":371,"overallStatus":199,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":376,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":377,"startDateStruct":379,"completionDateStruct":381,"leadSponsor":383,"locationsCount":43},"100630110","skin-adhesive-plus-intra-cuticular-suture-versus-suture-alone-for-cesarean-skin-closure-100630110","NCT07483411","Skin Adhesive Plus Intra-cuticular Suture Versus Suture Alone for Cesarean Skin Closure","Intracuticular Suture Alone Compared to Intracuticular Suture and Skin Adhesive Material for Skin Closure After Cesarean Delivery : a Prospective Randomized Control Study","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients undergoing elective cesarean section at Hadassa medical center\n* Patients undergoing elective cesarean section btween 37+0\u002F7 and 41+6\u002F7 weeks of gestation\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n* Patients undergoing emergency cesarean section\n* patients undergoing cesarean section before 37+0\u002F7 weeks of gestation\n* patients with a history of previous wound complications after previous Caesarean section",{"count":367,"type":19},240,[22],"The goal of this randomized control trial is to compare two skin closure techniques after cesarean section. Both techniques are currently in wide use but no comparison between the two was reasserted yet. The two techniques are- First technique is intracuticular suture using monofilament suture, Second technique is intracuticular suture and biological adhesive material. The investigators' primary outcome is to explore the rate of skin scar complications to understand whether one technique has a lower complication rate then the other. The secondary outcomes is to check whether one technique is better then the other in terms of patients' satisfaction, convenience and scar healing and appearance.\n\nPatients at the age of 18 and above, undergoing elective cesarean section at the Hadassa medical center, can participate.\n\nparticipants will be randomly assigned to one of the groups- the firs or the second technique.\n\nPatients will be asked to fill out a questionnaire on POD 2 and attend a check-up appointment in-person with their surgeon 6-8 weeks post surgery. at the check-up the patient will be asked to fill out another questionnaire and undergo a scar appearance evaluation by the surgeon.",[25],[372,373,374,375],"cesarean section","biological adhesive","intracuticular suture","Obstetrics surgical site infection","2026-03-28",{"date":378,"type":35},"2026-04-02",{"date":380,"type":35},"2025-01-27",{"date":382,"type":19},"2027-08-01",{"name":384,"class":42},"Doron Kabiri",{"id":386,"slug":387,"hasResults":11,"nctId":388,"briefTitle":389,"officialTitle":390,"acronym":62,"eligibilityCriteria":391,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":129,"minAge":16,"maxAge":392,"enrollmentInfo":393,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":395,"briefSummary":396,"conditions":397,"keywords":4,"overallStatus":199,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":399,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":400,"startDateStruct":402,"completionDateStruct":404,"leadSponsor":406,"locationsCount":43},"100629401","phase-4-preoperative-clindamycin-vaginal-cream-versus-vaginal-cleansing-with-povidone-iodine-on-postoperative-infections-after-cesarean-section-100629401","NCT07474194","Preoperative Clindamycin Vaginal Cream Versus Vaginal Cleansing With Povidone-iodine on Postoperative Infections After Cesarean Section","Comparative Study of the Effect of Preoperative Clindamycin Vaginal Cream Versus Vaginal Cleansing With Povidone-iodine on Postoperative Infections After Cesarean Section","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n* female participants with singleton pregnancies scheduled for elective cesarean sections at term, specifically between 37 and 40 weeks of gestation\n* free from any medical disorders.\n* The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 40 years\n* body mass index (BMI) ranged from 18 to 30 kg\u002Fm2\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Cases of urgent or emergent CS.\n2. Abnormal vaginal secretion (bad smelling yellowish secretion, whitish cheesy discharge with pruritus, bloody discharge; etc…).\n3. Women with medical disorders such as pre-gestational diabetes, anemia, hypertension, preeclampsia, or immunosuppressant pregnant women.\n4. Women who had a skin infection adjacent to the operative site.\n5. Allergy to topical povidone-iodine or clindamycin\n6. Feverish patients or history of premature rupture of membranes or with placenta previa.\n7. patients lost during follow-up were excluded from the final analysis.","40 Years",{"count":394,"type":19},150,[56],"To evaluate the effects of preoperative prophylactic administration of clindamycin vaginal cream compared to preoperative vaginal cleansing using a 10% povidone-iodine solution on postpartum infectious morbidity.",[398,25],"Infection Control \u002F Methods","2026-03-11",{"date":401,"type":35},"2026-03-16",{"date":403,"type":35},"2025-09-20",{"date":405,"type":19},"2026-05-01",{"name":407,"class":42},"Beni-Suef University",{"id":409,"slug":410,"hasResults":11,"nctId":411,"briefTitle":412,"officialTitle":413,"acronym":4,"eligibilityCriteria":414,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":4,"maxAge":4,"enrollmentInfo":415,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":417,"briefSummary":418,"conditions":419,"keywords":421,"overallStatus":199,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":427,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":428,"startDateStruct":430,"completionDateStruct":432,"leadSponsor":434,"locationsCount":43},"100622058","a-clinical-prediction-model-for-surgical-site-infection-after-central-nervous-system-tumor-surgery-100622058","NCT07378683","A Clinical Prediction Model for Surgical Site Infection After Central Nervous System Tumor Surgery","A Prospective, Single-Center Clinical Validation Study: Machine Learning Model-Based Risk Stratification Intervention for Reducing Surgical Site Infection After Central Nervous System Tumor Surgery","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Patients with a pathologically confirmed primary or metastatic central nervous system (brain or spinal) tumor.\n2. Scheduled for elective craniotomy or spinal tumor resection surgery.\n3. Age ≥ 18 years.\n4. Expected survival \\> 3 months, and able\u002Fwilling to comply with postoperative follow-up.\n5. Voluntary participation and provision of written informed consent.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Presence of active systemic or local surgical site infection before surgery.\n2. Use of therapeutic antibiotics for any reason within 72 hours prior to surgery.\n3. Concurrent severe immunosuppressive conditions, or chronic use of high-dose immunosuppressants.\n4. Pregnancy or lactation.\n5. Known contraindications or severe allergy to the antibiotics planned for use in the study.\n6. Any other condition that, in the investigator's judgment, may affect study participation or outcome assessment.",{"count":416,"type":19},500,[22],"1. Study Background For patients undergoing brain or spinal tumor surgery, postoperative surgical wound infection (known as \"surgical site infection,\" SSI) is a recognized risk. Once an infection occurs, it may complicate and prolong the recovery process. Currently, doctors primarily rely on clinical experience to judge which patients are at higher risk of infection. Our research team has previously developed an intelligent prediction model (a machine learning tool) that can very accurately identify which patients are at higher risk of postoperative infection. This study aims to validate whether implementing enhanced preventive measures for high-risk patients in advance, based on the model's predictions, can effectively reduce the occurrence of infection.\n2. Study Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to validate whether an individualized intervention strategy based on an intelligent prediction model can effectively reduce the incidence of surgical site infection in patients after central nervous system tumor surgery. Simultaneously, we will also evaluate the safety of this strategy, its impact on patient hospital stay length and medical costs, as well as its feasibility in practical clinical application.\n3. Study Design Type: This is a prospective, single-center clinical validation study. \"Prospective\" means the research plan is established first, followed by patient recruitment and data collection according to the plan; \"single-center\" indicates the study is conducted solely at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital.\n\n   Process: For all patients who consent to participate in this study, within 72 hours after surgery, the research system will automatically calculate their infection risk based on 8 key clinical indicators (such as blood test results, medical history, etc.).\n\n   High-Risk Group (model-predicted infection probability ≥50%): Will receive a set of enhanced, individualized infection prevention measures (e.g., adjusted antibiotic regimen, enhanced nutritional support, closer monitoring).\n\n   Low-Risk Group (model-predicted infection probability \\\u003C50%): Will receive the current standard, high-quality postoperative care.\n\n   Duration: The study is planned to run from February 2026 to October 2029. Each participating patient will be followed for 3 months (90 days) to observe whether infection occurs.\n\n   Sample Size: It is planned to recruit approximately 500 eligible patients.\n4. Primary Evaluation Indicators Primary Indicator: The incidence of surgical site infection within 90 days after surgery. The diagnosis of infection will be made by experts who are unaware of the patient's group assignment, strictly following international standards.\n\n   Secondary Indicators: Include the accuracy of the intelligent prediction model in practical use, patient hospital stay length, other infection-related complications, medical costs, and the adoption rate of the model's recommendations by physicians.\n5. Eligibility Criteria (Inclusion Criteria Summary)\n\n   You may be eligible to participate in this study if you meet the following conditions:\n\n   Diagnosed with a brain or spinal tumor and scheduled for elective surgery. Aged 18 years or older. Expected survival exceeds 3 months and able to cooperate with postoperative follow-up.\n\n   Voluntary participation and signing of a written informed consent form. (Note: This study has detailed exclusion criteria. Final confirmation of whether all criteria are met will be determined by your study doctor.)\n6. Patients' Rights and Safety Voluntary Participation: Participation in this study is entirely voluntary. You have the right to withdraw from the study at any time, which will not affect the quality of any normal medical services you are entitled to at our hospital or your relationship with it.\n\n   Informed Consent: Before the study begins, your study doctor will explain all study procedures, potential risks, and benefits in detail, and you will sign an \"Informed Consent Form.\" Privacy Protection: All your personally identifiable information will be kept strictly confidential. Codes will replace your name and other identifiable information in research analyses and reports.\n\n   Safety Assurance: This study has been reviewed and approved by the hospital's Ethics Committee. We have established an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board to monitor the study's safety throughout. Clinical trial liability insurance has been purchased for all participants to cover damages related to the trial.\n7. Contact Information\n\nIf you would like to learn more about this study, please contact us via:\n\nPrincipal Investigator: Dr. Yang Ming National Cancer Center\u002FNational Clinical Research Center for Cancer\u002FCancer Research Unit: Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College",[25,420],"Central Nervous System Tumor",[63,422,423,424,425,426],"central nervous system tumor","machine learning","explainable artificial intelligence","SHAP","clinical decision support system","2026-01-22",{"date":429,"type":35},"2026-01-30",{"date":431,"type":35},"2025-06-01",{"date":433,"type":19},"2029-10-30",{"name":435,"class":42},"Ming Yang",{"id":437,"slug":438,"hasResults":11,"nctId":439,"briefTitle":440,"officialTitle":441,"acronym":442,"eligibilityCriteria":443,"healthyVolunteers":11,"sex":15,"minAge":16,"maxAge":444,"enrollmentInfo":445,"targetDuration":4,"studyType":20,"phases":447,"briefSummary":448,"conditions":449,"keywords":455,"overallStatus":31,"whyStopped":4,"lastUpdateSubmitDate":460,"lastUpdatePostDateStruct":461,"startDateStruct":463,"completionDateStruct":465,"leadSponsor":467,"locationsCount":43},"100614544","comparing-polyglactin-vs-polypropylene-sutures-for-rectus-sheath-closure-100614544","NCT07280975","Comparing Polyglactin vs Polypropylene Sutures for Rectus Sheath Closure","Comparative Outcomes of Polyglactin Versus Polypropylene Sutures for Rectus Sheath Closure: A Randomized Controlled Trial","PolySuture","Inclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Age: 18-70 years.\n2. Type of Surgery: Patients undergoing elective or emergency midline laparotomy.\n3. Wound Classification: Clean or clean-contaminated wounds (CDC Class I or II).\n4. Ability to Provide Informed Consent: Participants must be able to understand and sign the informed consent form.\n5. Availability for Follow-Up: Participants must be available for 6 months follow-up.\n\nExclusion Criteria:\n\n1. Contaminated or Dirty Wounds: Patients with CDC Class III or IV wounds.\n2. Immunocompromised Conditions: Patients on steroids, chemotherapy, or those with HIV.\n3. Previous Midline Laparotomy with Incisional Hernia: Patients who have a history of incisional hernia after midline laparotomy.\n4. Severe Malnutrition: Patients with BMI \\\u003C 16 kg\u002Fm² or albumin \\\u003C 2.5 g\u002FdL.\n5. Emergency Laparotomy with Hemodynamic Instability: Patients who are unstable or in a critical condition.\n6. Pregnancy: Pregnant women.\n7. Need for Temporary Abdominal Closure or Planned Reoperation: Patients requiring staged reoperation or temporary closure.","70 Years",{"count":446,"type":19},156,[22],"This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the outcomes of Polyglactin (Vicryl) versus Polypropylene (Prolene) sutures for rectus sheath closure in patients undergoing midline laparotomy. The study will evaluate the rates of incisional hernia, surgical site infection (SSI), wound dehiscence, chronic pain, and suture sinus formation. Participants aged 18-70 years, undergoing either elective or emergency laparotomy, will be randomly assigned to receive either Polyglactin or Polypropylene sutures. The primary outcome measure is the incidence of incisional hernia at 6 months, with secondary outcomes including SSI, wound complications, and chronic pain. The study is particularly important in the context of Pakistan, where such comparative data is limited, and aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for optimal suture material selection in general surgery.",[450,451,25,452,453,454],"Chronic Pain","Wound Dehiscence","Incisional Hernia","Rectus Sheath Closure","Abdominal Surgery",[456,457,458,333,459],"Polyglactin Sutures","Polypropylene Sutures","Non-Absorbable Sutures","Midline Laparotomy","2025-12-09",{"date":462,"type":35},"2025-12-15",{"date":464,"type":19},"2026-04-01",{"date":466,"type":19},"2027-07-30",{"name":468,"class":469},"Lady Reading Hospital, Pakistan","OTHER_GOV"]