The purpose of this research is to explore the effect of magnetic stimulation to activate the brain, electrical spinal cord stimulation to activate spinal cord, and electrical muscle stimulation used to activate upper limb (arms), lower limb (legs) and trunk (stomach) muscles in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and able-bodied subjects (without SCI).
At least 18 years old and no older than 70 years old at the time of enrollment.
Able-bodied subjects
Traumatic spinal cord injury
Upper limb target: neurological level at or above Thoracic 1 level, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) B, C or D impairment grade, primary non-ambulatory;
Has traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other disorders that could affect neuromotor function.
Has severe spasticity that could prevent the study protocol as determined by the investigator.
Has major executive dysfunction, dementia, depression, neurocognitive impairments, or other major medical co-morbidities.
Has contraindications for transcutaneous stimulation using FES or TSCS such as breakdown of skin in the area that will come into contact with electrodes, thrombosis, or skin disease.