1. Isolation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and determination of their Antimicrobial sensitivity Patterns. 2. Evaluation of biofilm-forming capacity of UPEC isolates. 3. Assessment of the antibiofilm efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin against UPEC isolates. 4. Examination of the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticle coating in preventing biofilm formation by UPEC on urinary catheter surfaces. 5. Evaluation of the impact of chitosan nanoparticles on the expression levels of biofilm associated genes in UPEC.
1. Patients (inpatients or outpatients) clinically diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI).
1. Patients who received systemic antibiotic therapy within the previous 48-72 hours prior to urine sample collection.