Application and Validation of a Smartphone-based Deep Learning System for Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer Screening

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if smartphone-based deep learning system works to accurately detect oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer in adults. It will also learn about if it is as effective as assessments conducted by dentists and non-certified health provider.

We expect that the deep learning system will have higher sensitivity in detecting oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer, where as the dentists and non-certified health providers will exhibit higher specificity in screening.

Participants will be grouped into three arms: deep learning system (arm A) or board-certified dentist with deep learning system (arm B) or non-certified health providers (general practitioners) with deep learning system (arm C).

Oral cancer risk factors, such as habits of smoking or having chewed betel nut or alcohol drinking, would be recorded by anonymous questionnaires.