This study is a retrospective, multicenter, observational cohort study in patients with advanced or locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to establish a long-term survival (LTS) versus short-term survival (STS) real-world cohort, to systematically characterize the multi-omics landscapes, and to develop and validate an artificial intelligence (AI) pathological prediction model based on routine H\&E-stained images for predicting immune microenvironment features and long-term survival outcomes following immunotherapy.
Patients with pathologically confirmed advanced or locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Patients derived from real-world data of multiple centers (including Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital of Shanxi, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences [Shanxi Cancer Hospital]; and other participating centers) or from completed phase III clinical trials (e.g., Choice-01, Rationale-307, Rationale-304).
Patients who received first-line or later-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy or ICI-based combination therapy.
Patients with complete clinical information and available follow-up data.
Patients whose systemic therapy did not include an immunotherapy regimen.
Patients lost to follow-up.