This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the risk of postoperative visceral pain in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The goal is to develop and validate a predictive model for assessing the risk of postoperative visceral pain, in order to guide individualized preoperative interventions and pain management strategies.
Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia (including gynecological procedures and general surgery such as gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, etc.);
Aged between 18 and 70 years;
Classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status II-III;
Expected surgery duration ≥ 2 hours.
History of previous abdominal surgery;
Diagnosed with chronic pain;
Long-term use of analgesics or other psychotropic medications;
Preoperative emergency condition;