To evaluate the efficacy and immune microenvironment changes in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving different first-line immunotherapy.
Age ≥ 18 years at time of study entry.
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C, or stage B not amenable to curative or locoregional therapies.
HCC confirmed by radiology, histology or cytology.
No prior systemic therapy for HCC.
Prior systemic therapy for HCC
Active autoimmune disease requiring immunosuppression.
Active infection requiring IV antibiotics.
HIV-positive or active HBV/HCV infection (HBsAg+ with HBV DNA ≥2000 IU/mL; HCV RNA+).