Twin study in Lahore will assess genetic vs. environmental effects on diet and metabolism. Over 12 weeks, monozygotic and dizygotic twins will follow a WHO-aligned balanced diet. Body composition, metabolic markers, and adherence will be measured. Monozygotic twins are expected to show greater similarity in response, clarifying personalized nutrition strategies in Pakistan.
Male or female twins aged 18-60 years.
Confirmed zygosity (MZ or DZ) based on a validated twin zygosity questionnaire.
Both twins willing to participate for the entire intervention period.
Free from chronic diseases requiring specialized diets (e.g., type 1 diabetes, celiac disease).
Pregnant or lactating women.
Use of lipid-lowering, glucose-lowering, or weight-loss medications in the past 3 months.
Major gastrointestinal disorders or conditions affecting nutrient absorption.
Unwillingness to follow individualized dietary counseling or complete study assessments.