The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical efficacy and neurological progress of combined training using trans-spinal electrical stimulation (tsES) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-driven robotics on upper limb rehabilitation after stroke
Subjects in the chronic stage (start from 6 months after the onset of stroke) with a pure unilateral motor paresis after a stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic);
Sufficient cognition to follow simple instructions as well as understand the content and purpose of the experiment (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score>23);
Be able to sit up for 60 minutes (with or without assistance);
Muscle strength graded from 1 to 3 in biceps brachii, triceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi radialis, and abductor pollicis brevis in the affected side.
Patients with secondary stroke;
Severe dysphasia (either expressive or comprehensive) with inadequate communication;
Any additional medical or psychological condition affecting their ability to comply with the study protocol;
History of other neurological disease, psychiatric disorder, including alcoholism and substance abuse;