The goal of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included pregnant women at high risk of GDM at 6-15 weeks of gestation is to investigate whether supplementation with vitamin D (1600 IU per day) or prebiotics (inulin, 10 gram per day) during pregnancy has beneficial effects on controlling blood glucose during pregnancy.
6-15 weeks of gestation.
Age 18-45 years old.
Permanent resident or resident locally at least one year.
Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥24.0 kg/m2,
Multiple pregnancy.
Have received infertility treatment such as in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination.
History of diabetes or current diagnosis of diabetes (including type 1 and type 2 diabetes) or abnormal glucose tolerance at recruitment (fasting blood glucose >7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c≥6.5%).
Serious chronic diseases (including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer, and thyroid dysfunction) or infectious diseases (including hepatitis B, active tuberculosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and syphilis).