Investigate the effects of exercise training on the cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity in healthy and CKD patients
None
Severe uncontrolled metabolic diseases (e.g., hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.)
Severe pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia)
Presence of a cardiac pacemaker or a history of myocardial infarction within the past six months
Severe musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disorders (e.g., advanced arthritis, limb amputation, post-polio syndrome, Parkinson's disease)