Guideline-diRected MAnagement for Chronic Kidney Disease: EValuation of an Education Progamme in a National Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Study Objective:

To evaluate the impact of guideline-based CKD comprehensive management medical re-education for community healthcare providers on improving cardio-renal outcomes in CKD patients.

Study Design:

A nationwide, multicenter, prospective, cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

Inclusion Criteria: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients meeting the following criteria:

eGFR \<60 mL/min/1.73 m² or UACR \>30 mg/g on two separate occasions at least 3 months apart.

Exclusion Criteria:

Age \<18 years. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) with eGFR \<15 mL/min/1.73 m², or patients already on regular dialysis or having received a kidney transplant.

Pregnant or breastfeeding women. Patients participating in any other clinical trials. Patients who exhibit characteristics at the screening stage that suggest they are unable to complete the study.

Intervention:

Control Group: Routine community training and management. Intervention Group: Training for community healthcare providers on guideline-based CKD management, including lifestyle management, risk assessment and referral recommendations, risk factor control, pharmacological treatment, and the application of a CKD management checklist incorporating these components.

Efficacy Evaluation Indicators:

Primary Outcome:

A renal composite endpoint, defined as at least a 25% decline in eGFR, progression to ESRD (dialysis, kidney transplantation, or sustained eGFR \<15 mL/min/1.73 m²), or death due to renal or cardiovascular causes.

Secondary Outcomes:

Cardiovascular composite endpoint: cardiovascular death, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for heart failure.

Delayed CKD progression, defined as a reduction in the annual eGFR decline rate by 0.5-1 mL/min/1.73 m² or a 30% reduction in UACR per year.

Proportion of patients receiving guideline-recommended pharmacological treatment.

Safety Evaluation Indicators:

Acute deterioration of renal function (serum creatinine increase \>30% within 4 weeks).

New-onset hyperkalemia. Symptomatic hypotension. Recurrent hypoglycemia.