Cesarean section scar defects (CSDs) are one of the long-term complications following cesarean section. They can be detected by transvaginal sonography, hysterosalpingography, sonohysterography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hysteroscopy is frequently used in evaluating endometrial disease. However, the description of CSDs by hysteroscopy is very limited. Only a few papers about hysteroscopy evaluation have been published. This is an exploratory study to compare hysteroscopic findings with the clinical outcomes of vaginal repair of CSDs.
The inclusion criteria are non-pregnant patients who had one or more cesarean sections, patients who had intermenstrual spotting after the cesarean section or those in which the TRM was less than 3.0 mm at the preoperative stage, and patients who underwent MRI and TVS to evaluate the size of the defect and the TRM before surgery
Patients who had a history of chronic diseases (such as cerebro-cardiovascular diseases, malignancies and diabetes mellitus), endocrine disorders, menstrual irregularities before cesarean section, coagulation disorders, use of intrauterine devices, sub-mucous myoma, endometrial diseases, endometrial cysts, uterine fibroids, and adenomyosis after cesarean section