This single-blind, randomized controlled trial will employ a two-arm parallel design (exercise group vs. control group) with a 12-week intervention period. Randomization will be implemented using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) to ensure balanced group allocation. All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline and post-intervention.
Clinically confirmed relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) diagnosis according to revised McDonald criteria (2017)
Mild-to-moderate disability (EDSS score 1.0-5.5)
No corticosteroid treatment within the previous 3 months
Acute MS relapse within 90 days before enrollment
Regular participation in structured exercise programs (>3 hours/week)
Comorbid conditions that may limit exercise participation, including significant orthopedic impairments, unstable cardiopulmonary conditions, and other systemic disorders affecting physical activity
Standard MRI contraindications (metallic implants, claustrophobia, etc.)