This cross-sectional observational study aims to compare the clinical and radiographic periodontal status, as well as gingival crevicular fluid volume, among cigarette smokers, heated-tobacco product users, and non-smokers. Specifically, the aim is to determine whether tobacco product users exhibit worse clinical parameters-such as probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, clinical attachment loss-along with greater radiographic bone loss and higher gingival crevicular fluid volume than non-smokers.
Smokers who smoke at least one cigarette daily for the past 12 months.
Exclusive users of heated tobacco products (e.g., IQOS), using them at least once daily for the past 12 months and not regular traditional cigarette smokers.
Non-smokers who have never consumed tobacco in any form.
Users of electronic cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, waterpipes, or any other tobacco products.
Dual users of tobacco products.
Individuals diagnosed with systemic diseases.
Edentulousness or severe tooth loss (fewer than 20 remaining teeth).
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HungarySemmelweis University
Lead sponsor
Center for Translational Medicine
Collaborator