The goal of this interventional study is to evaluate the long-term benefits of eccentric (ECC) cycling exercise on physiological responses, exercise capacity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main questions it aims to answer are:
* What are the effects of ECC cycling compared to concentric (CON) cycling on physiological responses, exercise capacity, and QoL in patients with T2DM? * What are the differential effects of moderate- and high-intensity ECC cycling compared to CON cycling on physiological responses, exercise capacity, and QoL in patients with T2DM?
Researchers will compare moderate- and high-intensity ECC cycling to CON cycling (conventional cycling) to see if ECC cycling can be a viable alternative or complement to existing exercise protocols for managing T2DM.
Participants will:
* Undergo pre-, mid-, and post-intervention assessment * Perform either moderate- or high-intensity ECC cycling or moderate intensity CON cycling according to group randomisation by the researcher. * Start with two familiarisation sessions prior to the actual cycling training. * Perform cycling exercise twice per week for 10 weeks.
Male diagnosed with T2DM
Age 30 - 60 years old
Height ≥155cm (To ensure proper ergonomics, comfort and safety during cycling)
HbA1C level between 6-8%
Acute illness or any foot ulcer, diabetic ulcer, retinopathy, kidney, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, or neurological disorder that could impair exercise performance or pose a risk to participants during exercise.
Insulin injection