The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term outcomes of conservative management in patients with moyamoya disease and their first-degree relatives, and provide potential pathogenesis of moyamoya disease.
Patients with age between 2-60 years;
A clinical diagnosis of moyamoya disease, including unilateral and bilateral disease.
Patients are medically treated with antiplatelets, antiepileptics, antihypertensives and vasodilators depending on the presentation.
Capable of understanding the purpose and risk of the study and has signed the informed consent. If the participant is not capable of this at the time of enrollment, a legally authorized representative will provide written informed consent in accordance with all regulations.
Concomitant other diseases, including systemic vasculitis, neurofibroma, meningitis, sickle cell disease, down's syndrome, and previous basilar radiotherapy.
Patients with cardiogenic embolism, including a history of atrial fibrillation, valvular disease or cardiac valve replacement.
Patients are allergic to the contrast agents.
Patients are treated with direct, indirect, or combined revascularization depending on the presentation.