This research will analyze and compare the muscle activation levels, muscle recruitment timing, trunk kinematics, and shoulder joint kinematics between the four forehand strokes and between elite table tennis players with and without shoulder injuries, providing insights for daily training and rehabilitation programs to reduce the occurrence of sports injuries.
The ages range from 13 to 40 years old
Competed in the Chinese Taipei Table Tennis Ranking Tournament or the National Table Tennis Championships within the past three years
At least four years of table tennis experience, and train for more than 10 hours per week
History of upper limb surgery or fracture
History of shoulder dislocation
History of spine injury in the last year
Systemic autoimmune disease or cancer