This study aims to evaluate retinal and choroidal microvascular changes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine therapy. Hydroxychloroquine is commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and may cause retinal toxicity with long-term use. OCTA is a non-invasive imaging modality that allows detailed assessment of retinal vascular changes.
Adults (≥18 years old) with documented HCQ therapy for ≥1 year.
Stable systemic disease under medical supervision.
-patients with media opacity.
Any pre-existing retinal or optic nerve disease (e.g., diabetic retinopathy, AMD, myopic degeneration).
History of intraocular surgery or trauma.
Uncontrolled systemic vascular diseases (e.g., hypertension)