Bupivacaine is the most widely used local anesthetic agent across majority of the Cardiac Implantable Electronic device (CIED) implant procedures in the United States. It is hypothesized that the combination of Bupivacaine-Ketorolac-Ketamine (BKK) is more effective in alleviating perioperative and postoperative pain as compared to the use of bupivacaine alone.
A few studies have been done to look for the effectiveness of BKK in abdominal surgical procedures. However, no study has been done to evaluate its efficacy and effectiveness in patients undergoing CIED insertion.
Both male and female patients
Patients older than 18 years of age
Patients undergoing new CIED (ICD, pacemaker, CRT-D or CRT-P)
Patients willing to participate in the study
Patients with prior history of allergic reaction to any component of the drug; bupivacaine, ketorolac, or ketamine
Pregnant or breastfeeding patients
Prisoners
Patients younger than 18 years of age
Kansas City Heart Rhythm Research Foundation
Lead sponsor
Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA
Collaborator