This study will evaluate the effect of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine compared to ketamine in the caudal block on perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing lumbosacral surgeries under general anesthesia.
Age 21-60 years.
Sex: Both sexes.
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Class-I and II.
Scheduled for lumbosacral surgery under General Anesthesia.
Declining to give written informed consent or patients with significant cognitive dysfunction that hinders informed consent.
History of allergy to the medications used in the study.
Contraindications to regional anesthesia (including coagulopathy and local infection).
History of recent analgesic intake or abuse.