This study aims at assessing whether electric cardioversion can act as a discriminant factor between patients requiring Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI) procedure alone or PVI procedure combined with substrate modulation.
All included patients will undergo an electric cardioversion, then:
* Patients with electric cardioversion success will be treated as per Standard of Care and according to ESC recommendations (2020). A prospective registry will be implemented for these patients. * Patients with electric cardioversion failure will be randomized in the study between 2 ablative procedures:
* PVI procedure alone * PVI procedure combined with substrate modulation
Patient treated by electric cardioversion for persistent AF, symptomatic and resistant to anti-arrhythmic treatment including amiodarone and whom ablative procedure is planned in the following 4-6 weeks after electric cardioversion
Life expectancy > 5 years;
Female or male between 18 and 80 years of age at the electric cardioversion time
Affiliation to a health insurance system;
Current hyperthyroidism;
Pregnant or breastfeeding woman;
Patient with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 35;
Patient with severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD);