Respiratory and Anxiety Status of Music Students

Dysfunctional breathing

An umbrella term used to describe a harmful adaptation in breathing that cannot be explained by a medical diagnosis such as asthma. The Self Evaluation of Breathing Questionnaire (SEBQ) will be used to assess dysfunctional breathing. The SEBQ is a scale developed to identify the nature of unexplained symptoms commonly reported by individuals with dysfunctional breathing. It was designed to capture all domains of respiratory symptoms, regardless of whether the individual has hyperventilation syndrome. The questionnaire consists of 25 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3 (0 = never / not true at all, 1 = occasionally / somewhat true, 2 = often / mostly true, 3 = very often / very true). Higher scores indicate a greater degree of breathing dysfunction

Breathing pattern

The Breathing Pattern Assessment Tool (BPAT) will be used to assess breathing pattern. The BPAT is a clinician-administered assessment developed to evaluate breathing pattern disorders. Its validity has been confirmed for screening breathing pattern dysfunction in patients with asthma or unexplained dyspnea. During the assessment, the participant is seated in a chair with back support while the clinician evaluates seven components of the breathing pattern: abdominal and chest wall movements, inspiratory and expiratory sounds, sighing or other signs of air hunger, nasal and oral breathing, breathing rate, and rhythmicity of the pattern. Each item is scored from 0 to 2, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 14. Higher scores indicate a greater likelihood of breathing pattern disorder. A total score of ≥4 is considered a positive screen, with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 75%.

Music performance anxiety

The Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) will be used to assess the level and underlying causes of music performance anxiety. T. The inventory consists of 25 items grouped under five subscales: (1) Negative Performance Perception (items 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25), (2) Psychological Vulnerability (items 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 21), (3) Somatic Anxiety (item 4), (4) Personal Control (item 17), and (5) Physiological Vulnerability (item 20). Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree), yielding a total score between 0 and 150. Scores of 105 and above indicate high music performance anxiety, whereas scores of 45 and below indicate low anxiety levels.