This study aims to understand how the right side of the heart changes in people who receive an implantable cardiac electronic device (CIED), such as a pacemaker, ICD, or CRT device. The right ventricle (RV) can sometimes be affected after these devices are placed, but the reasons and timing are not well understood.
To investigate this, we will examine participants at two time-points: before their device is implanted and again six months later. At each visit, we will assess heart function using echocardiography, a non-contrast cardiac MRI scan, and an ultrasound score of venous congestion called the VEXUS score. We will also take a small blood sample to measure a biomarker called FGF-23, which may reflect changes in heart function.
The study does not involve any experimental treatment, and all implanted devices are part of routine medical care. The imaging tests and blood samples are for research purposes only. By comparing the measurements before and after device implantation, we hope to better understand how CIEDs influence right-sided heart function and whether imaging findings are related to changes in blood biomarkers.
Adults aged 18 years or older.
Scheduled to undergo implantation of a clinically indicated pacemaker, ICD, or CRT device.
Able to undergo transthoracic echocardiography, VEXUS ultrasound assessment, and non-contrast cardiac MRI.
Able to provide written informed consent.
Contraindication to cardiac MRI (e.g., severe claustrophobia or MRI-unsafe implanted material).
Inability to undergo echocardiography or ultrasound assessment.
Known pulmonary arterial hypertension (Group 1 PH).
Significant congenital heart disease.