Shoulder pain, reduced mobility, and functional limitations are common complications following unilateral mastectomy, often leading to long-term disability and an increased risk of secondary shoulder-hand syndrome
Female adults between 30 and 65 years old.
Modified radical mastectomy, or
Breast-conserving surgery with axillary clearance.
Postoperative interval between 4 and 12 weeks before enrollment.
Previously diagnosed shoulder disorders (adhesive capsulitis, rotator cuff tear, fracture/dislocation).
Active or untreated lymphedema Grade II-III.
Ongoing chemotherapy-induced neuropathy causing shoulder dysfunction.
History of neurological or rheumatological disorders affecting the upper limb.