This is a prospective observational study. To investigate the effect of serum calcium levels on postoperative pain in patients undergoing abdominal surgery, and to determine whether changes in serum calcium levels are a risk factor for postoperative pain.
Aged 18-70 years old
American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification I-III
Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia
Patients participate voluntarily and sign an informed consent form
Patients with a history of severe disease
Patients with chronic preoperative pain and/or long-term analgesic use
Patients with hearing disorders or verbal communication difficulties
Patients with psychiatric disorders or cognitive dysfunction