The aim of this study was to compare the effect-site target concentration (including EC₅₀ and EC₉₀) of remifentanil required to suppress cardiovascular responses to tracheal intubation during anesthesia induction with etomidate combined with either lidocaine or sufentanil.
Patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation;
Classified as ASA physical status I-II.
Age <18 years or >65 years;
Body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m² or <18.5 kg/m²;
Diagnosis of hypertension or severe cardiovascular diseases (including myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block, moderate-to-severe valvular diseases) or respiratory diseases (including acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute asthma attack, moderate-to-severe pulmonary hypertension, severe pneumonia);
Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or history of difficult intubation or preoperatively anticipated difficult airway;