To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) with multiple interventions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study evaluates intervention effects at Magnetic Resonance Imaging, electrophysiological, Visual Search Task, cognitive-behavioral, and clinical symptom levels, aiming to identify the optimal clinical treatment regimen for ADHD patients.
Age between 6 and 18 years;
Clinically diagnosed with ADHD by a psychiatrist;
Confirmed by the researcher (child psychiatrist) to meet the diagnostic criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as outlined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5);
M.I.N.I. KID interview shows only ADHD, with no other comorbidities;
Diagnosis of other severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder;
Presence of severe physical diseases or conditions, such as significant intracranial lesions, thyroid disorders, epilepsy, congenital heart disease, severe hematologic disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, auditory or visual impairments, etc.;
Presence of significant structural brain abnormalities on imaging studies;
Presence of severe neurological diseases with a clear family history or potential risk;