Venous malformations (MVs) are congenital abnormalities of the central or periphery caused by developmental errors at different stages of embryogenesis. Histologically they are characterized by large, venous-like vascular spaces. Scleroembolization constitutes the most widespread method in the treatment of venous malformations allowing good results with low invasiveness. Currently, Bleomycin (and its derivatives) is among the most widely used sclerosing agents for slow-flowing vascular malformations (venous and lymphatic malformations) because of the low rate of local serious adverse events such as swelling, necrosis, and nerve injury compared with others.
Diagnosis of low-flow venous malformations eligible for electrosclerotherapy
Non-indication for embolizing treatment
Previous treatments are not an exclusion factor, provided that at least 30 days have elapsed.
Previous treatment for < 30 days
Pregnancy and lactation status
Patients of childbearing age without contraceptive use
Presence of metal synthetic media