Two-leg Rotation and Sciatica

Pain by the numeric pain rating scale

The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) is a unidimensional 0-to-10 measure, where 0 denotes "no pain" and 10 signifies "worst imaginable pain." Participants indicated their current pain intensity by choosing the number that best reflected their experience (H. Hussein, Atteya, et al., 2024). Previous investigations have confirmed the NPRS's strong psychometric properties, reporting validity and reliability coefficients of 0.941 and 0.95, respectively (Alghadir et al., 2018).

Flexibility measured by the passive straight leg raise test

The passive straight leg raise (SLR) test was performed with the participant supine. The assessor passively elevated the symptomatic lower limb in the sagittal plane until the participant experienced their typical symptoms or hamstring tightness limited further motion. Upon symptom onset, the assessor documented the type, severity, location, and whether the symptoms matched the participant's usual pain. Then, the assessor lowered the limb slightly until the symptoms subsided. Next, passive ankle dorsiflexion and active neck flexion were applied to determine if symptoms could be reproduced. The interpretation is deemed positive when all of the following criteria are satisfied: * Symptoms occur below the gluteal region. Symptoms are familiar to the participant (match their usual pain or discomfort), * Symptoms are elicited during limb elevation (e.g., straight-leg raise). * Symptoms are re-elicited by adding ankle dorsiflexi

Function by the Oswestry disability index.

A validated Arabic version of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to assess function. This scale consisted of ten sections, each describing a different domain of function. Each one of these sections contains six phrases, which are scored from 0 to 5. The maximum score is 100, which indicates the worst functional ability, while lower scores indicate better function. Each participant was instructed to choose the most appropriate statement from each section of the ODI. The values of all statements chosen by the participants were added, and the total score was then used for analysis (Hussien et al., 2017).

Sciatica bothersomeness and frequency by Sciatica bothersomeness and frequency scale

The Sciatica Frequency Index asks patients to indicate how often they experience each of the symptoms covered by the Sciatica Bothersomeness Index (SBI). In fact, the concept of "bothersomeness" has become a common way to quantify symptoms in sciatica and low back pain. For this reason, we selected the SBI as the best tool for capturing patients' own perceptions of their sciatica symptoms in the current study. The Sciatica Bothersomeness Index employs a uniform format to assess four key complaints: leg pain, numbness or tingling in the leg, foot, or groin, weakness in the leg or foot, and back or leg pain when sitting. Patients rated the severity of each symptom, and the ratings were summed to produce a total SBI score. The index has been featured in multiple investigations, and three of its items have been incorporated into the North American Spine Society's outcome instrument (Grøvle et al., 2010).