Validation of Remote Photoplethysmography for Non-Invasive Estimation of Blood Glucose and HbA1c

The goal of this observational study is to evaluate whether a non-invasive facial scan technology using remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) can accurately estimate blood glucose and HbA1c levels in adults living in the community in Jakarta. The study focuses on adults aged 18 years and older, including individuals with or without diabetes.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. Can rPPG-based facial scan estimates of blood glucose and HbA1c match results from standard laboratory blood tests? 2. How well can rPPG identify individuals with high blood sugar or diabetes risk based on established clinical cut-off values?

Researchers will compare results from the rPPG facial scan with standard laboratory measurements of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c to determine how accurate and reliable the technology is for screening purposes.

Participants will:

1. Provide basic information such as age, sex, and medical history 2. Undergo a non-invasive facial scan using a smartphone-based system 3. Have a blood sample taken to measure fasting blood glucose and HbA1c 4. Complete all assessments during a single study visit

This study aims to determine whether rPPG can serve as a simple, non-invasive, and accessible tool for early detection and monitoring of diabetes in community settings.