This study will compare two exercise-based rehabilitation programs to improve balance and reduce fall risk in adults aged 45 years and older who have had at least one fall in the past year or have balance problems. Participants will be assigned to one of two groups: (1) a virtual reality (VR) exercise program using the PABLO system, or (2) a traditional physiotherapy program based on the Otago approach. Both programs will include balance training, strength/power exercises, aerobic activity, and flexibility. The program will last 12 weeks, with two supervised sessions per week (about 30 minutes each). Assessments will be completed at the start of the study and again after 12 weeks. The main outcomes include frailty status, number of falls, mobility (Timed Up and Go test), and balance (Berg Balance Scale). Additional outcomes include grip strength, quality of life (SF-12), and program adherence and safety. The study will help determine whether VR-based rehabilitation improves participation and outcomes compared with traditional physiotherapy.
Adults aged 40 years and older
History of at least one fall in the past 12 months OR clinical evidence of balance dysfunction
Ability to walk at least 10 meters, with or without an assistive device
Adequate cognitive function, defined as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 24
Severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24)
Unstable cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or neurological conditions that contraindicate exercise participation
Severe uncorrected visual or auditory impairment that interferes with training or assessments
Current participation in another structured exercise or rehabilitation program