Intercostal chest drain (ICC) insertion is a common procedure done worldwide to treat and diagnose pleural disease. It is used to evacuate fluid, blood, or air in the cavity from a myriad of causes namely pleural effusions of different etiologies, empyema, hemothorax, chylothorax and pneumothorax. It also functions as a route for antibiotics, pleurodesis and fibrinolytics. Hippocrates, whose practiced medicine 2,400 years ago, is often credited with being the first to insert a metal tube into the pleural region to drain fluid. It wasn't until the 19th century that a closed drainage system was properly documented in the literature, although open drainage remained to be the norm for quite some time.
In the past, large-bore tubes (24-32 F) were recommended in nearly all circumstances and were inserted using a blunt dissection technique. However, during the past two decades, small-bore catheters have become increasingly popular. They were first used to drain abdominal collections and have now been adopted for use in draining the pleural cavity utilizing the needle and guide wire Seldinger procedure, typically with radiological guidance. In addition to that, Seldinger technique allow us to insert the catheter at lower intercostals spaces without injury to the diaphragm or abdominal organs, thereby ensuring patient safety.
All participants undergoing ICC insertion
Participants who could understand and give consent
Participants who are unable to understand or give consent
Ventilated patients
Participants who are not comfortable wearing VR device
Participants who are unable to communicate (illiterate, had hearing impairment, mute, blind or had memory impairment)
Parallel
Virtual Reality Device
DeviceA virtual reality headset is a heads-up display that allows users to interact with simulated environment.
Without virtual reality
Other interventionPatients undergoing intercostal chest drain without the use VR device
To compare the satisfaction of participants undergoing intercostal chest drain insertion with or without VR using a 5-point Likert scale satisfaction questionnaire (1 - very dissatisfied, 2-dissatisfied, 3-neutral, 4-satisfied, 5-very satisfied).
Participants who underwent intercostal chest drain insertion with and without VR device will be assess with 5 point Likert Scale for satisfaction score.
To assess tolerability (pain, and breathlessness) of participants undergoing ICC with or without VR, using a 10 cm Visual analogue scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no bother) to 10 (worst intolerable level) before ICC insertion
Participants undergoing intercostal chest drain insertion with and without VR device will be assessed with VAS Score to assess tolerability
To assess tolerability (pain, and breathlessness) of participants undergoing ICC with or without VR, using a 10 cm Visual analogue scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no bother) to 10 (worst intolerable level) after ICC insertion
Participants undergoing intercostal chest drain insertion with and without VR device will be assessed with VAS Score to assess tolerability
To assess the anxiety of participants undergoing ICC with or without VR using the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) score before ICC insertion (minimum score of 20 to maximum score of 80)
Participants undergoing intercostal chest drain insertion with and without VR device will be assessed with STAI Score to assess anxiety
To assess the anxiety of participants undergoing ICC with or without VR using the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) score after ICC insertion (minimum score of 20 to maximum score of 80)
Participants undergoing intercostal chest drain insertion with and without VR device will be assessed with STAI Score to assess anxiety
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