ACL

The investigators are interested in determining what treatments are effective in reducing inhibition after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery and helping people increase quadriceps strength. Two interventions that are often used clinically are neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and vibration. This is a study of how effective these treatments are, whether they work the same for everyone, and if one is better than the other. 22 participants will be enrolled and on study for 2 to 3 weeks.

Several techniques for revision of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and different types of grafts have been used over the years. These include single-bundle techniques, double-bundle techniques, and single-bundle techniques with external tenodesis. We also distinguish between the use of autografts and grafts from donors, or allografts. The choice of surgical technique and graft type is strongly influenced by the progression of damage characterizing these patients (meniscal, chondral, or ligamentous), the surgical decisions made during the initial surgery (graft used, orientation, and number of bone tunnels), or any complications that occurred. The use of a specific type of graft is heavily dependent on its availability: it is likely that the first-choice graft for some surgeons may be unavailable because it has already been used. The use of allografts is now commonly accepted by the scientific community, with the Achilles tendon standing out for its biomechanical properties and size. Unlike autografts, it does not damage the patient's ligamentous tissue, which is thus preserved. Since osteoarthritis is one of the most debated consequences of anterior cruciate ligament revision, an analysis of the results is essential to provide a clearer understanding of the risks and benefits associated with the different types of procedures.

The investigators are interested in determining what treatments are effective in reducing inhibition after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery and helping people increase quadriceps strength. Two interventions that are often used clinically are neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and vibration. This is a study of how effective these treatments are, whether they work the same for everyone, and if one is better than the other. 22 participants will be enrolled and on study for 2 to 3 weeks.

The goal of this project is to test the effects of the VibraCool mechanical stimulation neuromodulatory therapeutic device on post-operative pain and opioid use following anterior crucitate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and thus residual opioids in circulation.

The goal of this study is to gather pilot data to help inform a future clinical trial. As such, the investigators will employ a randomized clinical trial design, but data will only be collected on 9 total subjects. Nine subjects will be randomized to 2 split-belt intervention groups (one group where early stance loading is trained and the other where midstance loading is trained) and a placebo group. The goal of this study is to explore the adaptations in knee loading from a 6-week split-belt training intervention. The investigators' main question for this aim is: 1. Does knee loading, measured by the sagittal plane knee moment, change to a greater extent in the split-belt treadmill training groups compared to the placebo group? 2. Are there differences in training-related knee loading changes between individuals trained in the early stance vs. midstance loading split-belt training?

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the main stabilizers of the knee, and its injury is among the most common soft tissue injuries of the knee. Surgical reconstruction of the ACL can be performed using various techniques and different types of tissue grafts, including both autografts and allografts. Although ACL reconstruction is a widely performed surgical procedure in young and physically active individuals-typically patients under 30 years of age-to promote return to sports and prevent early onset of osteoarthritic degeneration, the surgical approach has historically been less common in patients over the age of 50. This is largely due to the lower functional demands typically observed in older patients. However, with increasing life expectancy and a corresponding rise in functional demands among older individuals, the surgical approach to ACL reconstruction has been progressively reconsidered in the over-50 population. Several recent studies have aimed to evaluate the outcomes of ACL reconstruction in older adults, showing promising results in terms of both recurrence rates and complication rates. At the II Clinic of the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, under the direction of Professor Zaffagnini, the preferred technique for ACL reconstruction is the "single-bundle over-the-top technique using gracilis and semitendinosus tendons, combined with a lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET)." LET is an additional surgical step performed alongside ACL reconstruction, which has shown excellent results, especially in young patients at high risk of reinjury. Specifically, clinical data have shown that adding LET to ACL reconstruction can reduce the failure rate by approximately 30%, significantly improve knee stability, and enable a faster return to sports-all without increasing the rate of complications compared to the standard isolated ACL reconstruction technique. Given these encouraging results in terms of safety and reduced failure rates, the combined ACL + LET procedure has historically been used at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute for all patients, including those over 50 years of age. The consistent use of this technique allows for the creation of a homogeneous patient cohort, all treated with the same surgical approach. This also enables the formation of two comparable patient groups-one over 50 and one under 30-both treated with the same technique, allowing for a meaningful comparison of primary and secondary endpoints. While several studies have aimed to compare ACL reconstruction outcomes in older populations with those in younger cohorts, to date, there are no studies in the literature that specifically assess the outcomes and complication rates of ACL reconstruction using the over-the-top technique combined with LET in patients over 50, and compare them with those of younger patients undergoing the same surgical procedure. Given the growing demand for ACL reconstruction in older patients, we believe it is important to evaluate outcomes in patients over 50 and compare them with a younger cohort, to determine whether the over-the-top + LET technique may be a valid therapeutic option not only for young patients but also for older adults. Of particular interest is the assessment of the reduced risk of failure and complication rate of the ACL + LET technique performed in over-50 patients, to determine whether the excellent clinical outcomes observed in younger individuals are also confirmed in an older population.

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a major stabiliser of the knee. ACL rupture is being increasingly identified in children and skeletally immature patients. The current advice in younger patients is usually to undergo ACL reconstruction. The choice of an ideal graft in children is difficult This study will use a technique involves the use of hamstring tendons from a living donor, where the adult (usually a parent) agrees to donate their hamstring tendons, which are dissected out of them and implanted into the child

The goal of this randomised clinical trial is to evaluate the effects of exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) in patients with a complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Does blood flow restriction adds any additional benefits to conservative treatment of the ACL? 2. Does bracing promotes spontaneous healing to the ACL Researchers will compare bracing and BFR to bracing and sham BFR to see if the intervention provides any additional benefits to the conservative management of this injury. Participants will: 1. Use a knee brace for 6 weeks with adjustments according to protocol 2. Follow and identical exercise plan with either BFR (intervention group) or BFR sham (control group) 3. Follow a home based exercise program.

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in graft failure between patients that underwent ACL reconstruction using allograft tendons and patients that underwent ACL reconstruction using autograft tendons in patients older than 40 y.o. and after at least 2 years of follow-up. The hypothesis of the study is that there will be a difference in graft failure and patient reported functional outcomes between allograft and autograft ACL reconstruction.

The goal of this observational study is to explore the significance of subject-reported outcomes and clinical parameters in relation to the occurence of prolonged presence of arthrogenic muscle responses (AMR) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed patients. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1\. Is there a link between the long-term occurence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients and the level of kinesiophobia experienced before or after their ACL surgery? We hypothesize that ACL patients with higher levels of kinesiophobia are more likely to exhibit prolonged AMR as an unconscious reaction to protect their affected knee joint. 2\. Is the long-term presence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients linked to their subjective knee function and stability (at certain time points throughout their recovery)? Our hypothesis is that poorer subjective knee function and stability might be associated with the presence of prolonged arthrogenic muscle responses in ACL reconstructed patients. 3\. Is the prolonged presence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients linked to their pain levels (at certain time points throughout their recovery)? Our hypothesis is that ACL patients with higher pre- and/or postsurgical pain levels may exhibit a higher degree of long-lasting AMR. 4\. Is the long-term presence of AMR in ACL reconstructed patients linked to clinical parameters such as swelling, isometric quadriceps and hamstrings strength and knee range of motion (at certain time points throughout their recovery)? Our hypothesis is that ACL patients with poorer outcomes in terms of these clinical parameters may be more likely to exhibit prolonged AMR. Participants will: * Fill in the following questionnaires 1 week before surgery and at 1 and 3 months after surgery: * Demopgraphical information * Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) * Lysholm Score (only question 1) * Tegner Activity Scale (current activity level, pre-injury activity level and desired activity level after recovery) * Numeric Rating Score (NRS) for pain levels during the day \& during the night * ACL-Return to Sport after Injury Scale (ACL-RSI) * Complete a testing protocol 5 months after their surgery, which includes bilateral electromyographical measurements of the hamstrings and quadriceps during jumping tasks and a quadriceps inhibition measurement using the interpolated twitch method to evaluate the presence of prolonged AMR.

This retrospective, prospective observational study aims to evaluate the epidemiology and rate of anterior cruciate ligament re- rupture after surgery in patients treated from January 2020 to December 2030 by recording both clinically and radiographically ligament reconstruction. The primary outcome is the rate of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament as measured by the Lachmann test in which a positive value for re-rupture is an anterior translation of the tibia greater than 10mm relative to the femur Secondary Objectives: Verify predisposing factors to anterior cruciate ligament injuries (so anatomical factors such as tibial slope, trochlear groove), demographic factors (age, sex, weight, sports played), and the rate of return to sports, quality of life via questionnaires, and arthrosis at the operated knee