Behavior Problem

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether intranasal dexmedetomidine or esketamine given before anesthesia can reduce negative postoperative behavioral changes in children undergoing day surgery. Negative postoperative behavioral changes may include anxiety, sleep problems, nightmares, irritability, or other unusual behaviors after surgery. This study will also examine whether changes in brain wave patterns during the perioperative period are related to these behavioral changes. The main questions this study aims to answer are: Does intranasal dexmedetomidine reduce negative postoperative behavioral changes in children after day surgery? Does intranasal esketamine reduce negative postoperative behavioral changes in children after day surgery? Are perioperative electroencephalographic (EEG) features associated with negative postoperative behavioral changes? Researchers will compare intranasal dexmedetomidine, intranasal esketamine, and normal saline to see whether these treatments differ in their effects on postoperative behavior and perioperative EEG features. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive intranasal dexmedetomidine, intranasal esketamine, or intranasal normal saline about 30 minutes before anesthesia. They will receive routine perioperative monitoring, including EEG monitoring during surgery and recovery. They will also be assessed for sedation, pain, and emergence delirium. Follow-up assessments of postoperative behavioral changes will be completed on postoperative days 3, 7, and 28.

The primary objective of this study is to test the effects of an evidence-based prevention intervention (CPP) adapted for foster and kinship caregivers of young children (FC; foster care) on caregiver competence and child behavior problems for children in foster care compared with an active comparator group that receives standard supports through the child welfare and healthcare systems (i.e., usual care).

Emotion Focused Family Therapy (EFFT) is a promising intervention that aims to teach parents advanced skills to support their child's development of emotion skills and increase their adaptive behaviours, potentially leading to improvements in their child's psychological functioning and family functioning more broadly. This randomized controlled trial (RCT; EFFT vs waitlist control) will (1) test the efficacy of a 6-week group EFFT program on parent and child outcomes and (2) examine maintenance of treatment gains up to four months post-intervention.

By longitudinal, prospective research in children and adolescents with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and their parents to explore the beneficial effects of participating in a standardized intervention program in order to treat and reduce the consequences of early brain damage. By using elements from international programs based on psychoeducation and parent training, the investigators aim to help parents to better understand and respond to the neurodevelopmental disabilities of their children, and thereby improving behavioral problems and self-regulation deficits.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn the effect of intravenous esketamine in postoperative negative behavior changes in children compared to placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug). It will also learn about the effect of esketamine in emergence delirium. The main questions are: Dose esketamine lower the incidence of postoperative negative behavior changes compared to placebo? Dose esketamine lower the incidence of emergence delirium compared to placebo? Researchers will compare esketamine to placebo to see if esketamine works to treat postoperative negative behavior change and emergence delirium. Participants will: Receive intravenous esketamine or placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug) during anesthesia induction; Fill in the Post hospitalization behavior questionnaire for ambulatory surgery postoperative 1, 7, and 30