Breathing Rate

This randomized crossover trial will examine the acute effects of pre-exercise coherence breathing on cardiopulmonary exercise responses in recreationally active adults. Participants will complete two experimental conditions in randomized order: 5 minutes of guided coherence breathing and 5 minutes of quiet seated spontaneous breathing. Following each condition, participants will perform a standardized treadmill warm-up and a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Outcomes will include oxygen consumption, heart rate, heart rate recovery, perceived exertion, time to completion, and heart rate variability. The findings may help determine whether coherence breathing can serve as an effective autonomic priming strategy before a bout of maximal exercise

This prospective observational study will evaluate the accuracy of the Welch Allyn Connex Spot Monitor equipped with a Masimo SpO₂ finger sensor in measuring respiratory rate in the emergency department. Respiratory rate is a key predictor of patient deterioration, yet it is frequently measured inaccurately when assessed manually. In this study, respiratory rate values obtained by the monitor will be compared against manual counts performed by trained observers (physicians). An additional analysis will compare respiratory rates measured by trained observers with those recorded by triage nurses during triage. A subgroup analysis will also investigate whether cardiac arrhythmias influence measurement accuracy. The aim is to examine if respiratory rates measured by the Welch Allyn Connex Spot Monitor are comparable to those obtained by trained observers and triage nurses in the emergency department.