Clostridium Difficile Infection

This is a Phase 1, first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive-design, single-site study, involving dose exploration cohorts. During Part A, up to 4 cohorts, each consisting of approximately 14 healthy adult study participants, will be randomly allocated to receive either FZ002 or placebo. Part A is designed to begin with Cohort 1 evaluating the highest proposed dose of study product. This is intended to represent the "ceiling" (highest level) of the ranges of doses to be evaluated in the study. In the event of a safety or tolerability concern in Cohort 1, a dose de-escalation will be evaluated in Cohorts 2-4 until a safe and well-tolerated dose is identified. If no safety or tolerability concerns are identified at the completion of a cohort, the study will proceed to Part B with the approval of the independent Safety Monitoring Committee (SMC). This adaptive design allows for the progression of the study from Part A to Part B without necessarily progressing through all 4 cohorts in Part A if there is a lack of safety or tolerability concerns. During Part B, an initial 'sentinel' Cohort 5 "some-risk" adult study participants will be randomly allocated to receive a single daily dose of FZ002 or placebo for 28 consecutive days. This is intended to represent the "floor" (lowest level) of doses to be evaluated in the study. A Protocol Safety Review Team (PSRT) will review the available safety data from the first 7 days of Cohort 5. If there is a lack of safety or tolerability concerns over the first 7-days of dosing for Cohort 5, then Cohort 6 will be opened for enrollment. Cohort 6 "some-risk" adult study participants will evaluate the "floor" and "ceiling" dose of FZ002 versus placebo. The primary objective is to evaluate safety and clinical tolerability of oral doses of FZ002 or placebo when taken for up to 28 days.

The purpose of this study is to see if stool transplant performed by colonoscopy is effective at treating recurrent Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection of the colon. During the procedure a stool sample is taken from a healthy donor (usually family member or close friend) and transplanted directly into the colon of the patient with C. diff infection. The goal of this experimental procedure (called fecal microbiota transplantation) is to replenish the good bacteria in the colon that can help prevent C. diff infection from coming back after treatment.

A national data registry of patients receiving fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or other gut-related-microbiota products designed to prospectively assess short and long-term safety and effectiveness

The goal of this clinical trial is to determine if oral vancomycin can prevent C.diff infection in adults who are critically ill and are at high risk of C.diff infection due to their medical conditions and being in the hospital. It will also help us learn about the safety of the drug in this setting. The main questions the trial aims to answer are: * Does oral vancomycin lower the rate of C.diff infection in high-risk patients? * Does C.diff carrier status change the C.diff infection rate as well as clearance of carrier status when vancomycin is used as primary prophylaxis? Researchers will compare the oral, active drug vancomycin to a placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug) to determine if vancomycin works to prevent C.diff infection in the hospital. Participants will: * Take oral vancomycin or a placebo while they receive systemic antibiotic(s) for up to five days after the last dose of said systemic antibiotic(s). The treatment of said systemic antibiotic(s) is not to exceed 21 days. * When discharged from the hospital, participants will continue to take the study medication in the event he/she did not complete the intended course of the study medication while in the hospital. * Participants will provide stool sample or rectal swabs for to assess their C.diff carrier status as well as any change in stool microbiome status, including VRE (vancomycin resistant Enterococcus) * After completion of the intervention period, participants will be contacted via telephone to assess if they developed diarrhea or any untoward effects of study medication.

The objective of this study is to provide treatment with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) to patients with recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). It has been shown that good bacteria (like that found in the stool from a healthy donor) attack Clostridium difficile in multiple ways: they make substances that kill Clostridium difficile - and they attach to the surface of the colon lining, which prevents the Clostridium difficile toxin (poison) from attaching. FMT involves infusing a mixture of saline and stool from a healthy donor into the bowel of the patient with CDI during a colonoscopy. The method used to deliver the FMT will depend on individual characteristics of the subject and is at the discretion of the treating physician. FMT may be administered by the following methods. * Colonoscopy: This method allows full endoscopic examination of the colon and exclusion of comorbid conditions (such as IBD, malignancy or microscopic colitis) which may have an impact on subject's treatment or response to therapy. * Sigmoidoscopy: This method still allows infusion of the stool into a more proximal segment of the colon than an enema, but may not require sedation. This method may be beneficial in subjects who are elderly or multiparous and who may have difficulty retaining the material when given as enema. Sigmoidoscopic administration eliminates the additional risks associated with colonoscopy in subjects who may not have a clear indication for colonoscopy. * Retention enema: This method may be preferable in younger subjects who have already had recent endoscopic evaluation, in subjects who prefer not to undergo endoscopy or in subjects with significant co morbidities and may not tolerate endoscopy. The physician will administer 300-500 mL of the fecal suspension in aliquots of 60 mL, through the colonoscope or sigmoidoscope or 150 mL via retention enema. In cases of colonoscopic delivery, the material will be delivered to the most proximal point of insertion. The subject is encouraged to retain stool for as long as possible.

This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and biomarkers of Clostridium difficile infection in infants . By analyzing historical medical data and patient questionnaires, this retrospective cohort study will identify potential high-risk factors and establish baseline biomarkers to improve diagnosis and treatment for affected patients.

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the optimal dose and safety of oral alanyl-glutamine between 4, 24, and 44 g doses administered for 10 days with standard therapy among first time incident cases of uncomplicated C. difficile infection (CDI) in hospitalized, or outpatient, persons aged 18 or older. The investigators hypothesis is that alanyl-glutamine supplementation will decrease recurrence and mortality from CDI and these outcomes will be associated with improvement of inflammatory markers and restoration of intestinal microbiota function.

The gut microbiota is critical to health and functions with a level of complexity comparable to that of an organ system. Dysbiosis, or alterations of this gut microbiota ecology, have been implicated in a number of disease states. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), defined as infusion of feces from healthy donors to affected subjects, is a method to restore a balanced gut microbiota and has attracted great interest in recent years due to its efficacy and ease of use. FMT is now recommended as the most effective therapy for CDI not responding to standard therapies. Recent studies have suggested that dysbiosis is associated with a variety of disorders, and that FMT could be a useful treatment. Randomized controlled trial has been conducted in a number of disorders and shown positive results, including alcoholic hepatitis, Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), pouchitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hepatic encephalopathy and metabolic syndrome. Case series/reports and pilot studies has shown positive results in other disorders including Celiac disease, functional dyspepsia, constipation, metabolic syndrome such as diabetes mellitus, multidrug-resistant, hepatic encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, pseudo-obstruction, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) or Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) infection, radiation-induced toxicity, multiple organ dysfunction, dysbiotic bowel syndrome, MRSA enteritis, Pseudomembranous enteritis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and atopy. Despite FMT appears to be relatively safe and efficacious in treating a wide range of disease, its safety and efficacy in a usual clinical setting is unknown. More data is required to confirm safety and efficacy of FMT. Therefore, the investigators aim to conduct a pilot study to investigate the efficacy and safety of FMT in a variety of dysbiosis-associated disorder.