Dietary Assessment

The goal of this crossover randomized controlled trial is to develop a proxy reporting protocol for a traditional 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) and an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) assisted 24-HR for use among children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The main aims are to: 1. Assess the usability and feasibility of each proxy-reporting protocol and dietary assessment methodology. 2. Describe the dietary misreporting captured using each proxy-reporting protocol, and 3. Explore the accuracy of energy intake estimation of the 24HR and EMA+24HR methods, compared to objectively measured food intake. During the research study, participants will: 1. Be provided with one meal and two snacks each day to provide to their child on three consecutive days. Foods can be offered to their child at times of their choosing, and leftovers will be placed back into reusable food storage containers to be picked up by research study staff. Uneaten foods will be weighed for an objective measure of intake. 2. The day after study-provided foods are given to the child, the adult caregiver will complete a proxy-reported 24HR phone call with a trained research assistant. 3. In the EMA+24HR condition, caregivers will be provided access to an online platform where they will upload pre- and post-photographs of all of their child's eating occasions across the three days that study-provided foods are eaten.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if eating more beef will lead to better cognition and a healthier brain in younger adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does eating more beef lead to higher scores on cognitive tests and better quality of life? * Does eating more beef lead to better brain function? Researchers will compare participants in the experimental group (participants who will eat 25 ounces of beef every week during the dietary intervention) to control participants (participants who will eat 5 ounces of beef every week during the dietary intervention). Participants will: * Be instructed to prepare and consume ready-to-eat beef meals along with their regular diet and not eat any more beef other than what they are given * Visit the study facilities once every week to pick up ready-to-eat beef meals; and complete a brief survey every week to track their consumption of the provided beef meals, and a dietary survey every 4 weeks * Visit the study facilities before and after the 12-week of intervention period for researchers to study them

Obesity remains a critical public health challenge and is associated with increased rates of morbidity, mortality, and chronic disease worldwide. In recent years, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, such as semaglutide, have emerged as highly effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, producing substantial weight loss and favorable metabolic improvements. These medications are now widely prescribed, with estimates suggesting that nearly 12% of Americans are currently using or have previously used GLP-1 therapies. Despite their demonstrated benefits, growing evidence indicates that GLP-1-associated weight loss may be accompanied by unintended reductions in skeletal muscle and bone mass. This potential side effect is of increasing concern, as muscle and bone are essential for metabolic health, physical function, injury prevention, and recovery from illness or surgical intervention. Loss of skeletal muscle during weight reduction may negatively impact strength, mobility, insulin sensitivity, and long-term health outcomes. These risks may be further compounded in individuals experiencing reduced physical activity, mechanical unloading, or prolonged caloric deficits. In clinical and surgical populations, such as individuals undergoing orthopedic procedures, mechanical unloading and disuse already predispose patients to muscle and bone atrophy. When combined with pharmacologically induced weight loss, these factors may further hinder recovery, impair functional capacity, and compromise musculoskeletal integrity. As GLP-1 therapies are increasingly adopted across diverse populations, understanding how to preserve lean mass and bone health during treatment has become an important clinical and public health priority. Exercise training, particularly resistance training, combined with appropriate nutritional support, has consistently been shown to preserve and enhance skeletal muscle and bone mass during weight loss. Structured exercise interventions can mitigate sarcopenia and osteopenia while improving muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic health, and overall physical function. Similarly, individualized dietary counseling, particularly when focused on adequate protein intake and nutrient timing, plays a critical role in supporting muscle protein synthesis and skeletal health during caloric restriction. Together, these lifestyle strategies may not only counteract the potential adverse musculoskeletal effects associated with GLP-1 therapy but also enhance treatment efficacy by improving cardiovascular risk profiles, insulin sensitivity, systemic inflammation, and physical resilience. Despite the growing use of GLP-1 medications, there remains a limited body of prospective research examining structured lifestyle interventions specifically designed to preserve muscle and bone mass during GLP-1-induced weight loss. Addressing this gap is essential to ensure that pharmacological obesity treatments support long-term health, functional independence, and quality of life. Integrating exercise and nutrition interventions into GLP-1 treatment protocols may represent a scalable and clinically meaningful strategy to optimize outcomes and reduce unintended consequences of rapid weight loss. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a structured lifestyle intervention combining exercise and individualized nutritional counseling can mitigate skeletal muscle mass loss in obese adults undergoing treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether participation in a structured 12-week exercise program, in conjunction with individualized dietary counseling, preserves skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density during GLP-1 therapy. Secondary objectives include assessing changes in muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and overall functional capacity. Findings from this study aim to inform best practices for integrating lifestyle interventions with pharmacological obesity treatments and to support safer, more effective, and functionally protective approaches to weight management in adults receiving GLP-1 therapy.

This study evaluates the dietary intake of professional female footballers against nutritional guidelines, analysing differences by age, position, and location (UK vs Spain). Using a cross-sectional design, it will include 20-30 players per club from four clubs, aged 18+, collected via the Snap-N-Send method and analysed with Nutritics software. Variables include energy intake, macronutrients, and micronutrients, with data assessed using MANOVA, t-tests, and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The aim is to determine dietary adequacy and provide insights to improve nutrition education and wellbeing for female athletes.