Fetal Hypoxia

More than 80% of the 3 million women who labor and deliver each year in the United States undergo continuous electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) during labor in order to fetal hypoxia and prevent the transition to acidemia, expedited operative delivery, and/or neonatal morbidity. Category II EFM is the most commonly observed group of fetal heart rate features in labor. One common response to Category II EFM is maternal oxygen (O2) supplementation. The theoretic rationale for O2 administration is that it increases O2 transfer to a hypoxic fetus. There are conflicting national guidelines regarding O2 administration - the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists suggest O2 is ineffective, whereas the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses recommend continued use given lack of definitive data on safety and efficacy. A recent national survey of nearly 600 Labor \& Delivery providers in February 2022 revealed that 49% still use O2 . Thus, there remains equipoise on the topic and high-quality data on the safety of intrapartum O2 is needed. None of the trials to date have studied the effect of intrapartum O2 on important clinical measures of neonatal or maternal morbidity. This safety data is imperative because the field of obstetrics must hold supplemental O2 to the same rigorous standards applied to any drug used in pregnancy. Without data on these definitive outcomes, it will be challenging to implement evidence-based recommendations for supplemental O2 use on Labor \& Delivery. The investigators will conduct a large, multicenter, randomized noninferiority trial of O2 supplementation versus room air in patients with Category II EFM in labor.

The objective of this study is to collect and compare fetal SpO2 waveforms and reference values to inform algorithm development for signal qualification and FSpO2 calculations. Subjects are women in labor.

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate if sustained cord circulation during resuscitation improves outcomes for term neonates born by emergency Cesarean section. The main question it aims to answer is: Does sustained cord circulation reduce admission rates to neonatal care? Researchers will compare resuscitation with an uncut umblical cord to standard resuscitation practices to see if it provides better outcomes. Participants (term neonates born by emergency Cesarean section) will: Receive resuscitation with either sustained cord circulation or standard care Be monitored for admission to neonatal care and other predefined health outcomes

The main objective of this study is to evaluate whether digital fetal scalp stimulation improves fetal well-being in fetuses with suspicious or pathological cardiotocographic recordings, showing an improvement in cardiotocographic recording patterns and normal values in intrapartum fetal scalp blood results. Upon detection of a suspicious or pathologic cardiotocographic recording, the investigators need to perform an objective verification of fetal well-being. Currently, fetal scalp blood is the reference test to assess intrapartum fetal hypoxia, according to the protocols of the Spanish Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics. This procedure lasts about 5 minutes and consists of taking a small sample of the fetal scalp, through a vaginal exploration, the blood is collected in a thin tube and analyzed by a machine in the delivery room obtaining the results in a few minutes. The investigators emphasize that this test is not part of the study, as long as the monitor is suspicious or pathological, it will be performed according to protocol to objectively assess fetal well-being. Currently there are studies that support the use of fetal scalp stimulation as an alternative technique to assess intrapartum fetal well-being and predict neonatal outcomes, but they also highlight its limited evidence. Digital fetal scalp stimulation is a NON-invasive method, as no instrument is required and fetal stimulation is a 30-60 second surface rubbing pressure, which is performed manually, through vaginal exploration, the same technique the investigators use to assess dilation during the labor process. Each patient will be randomly assigned to a study group: Experimental group: before the extraction of capillary blood from the fetal scalp, fetal head stimulation will be performed, a technique that poses no risk to the baby. The researchers need the consent of the participants to perform this technique and collect data. Control group: fetal head stimulation will not be applied, but data from the clinical history necessary for this study will be collected. In no case will extraordinary or unnecessary tests be performed for participation in this study. This study will have an Informed Consent document. This study will be carried out at the Fundación Jiménez Díaz and Zarzuela and will include 182 patients for 24 months.

Fetal distress is a common emergency in obstetrics, which refers to the combined symptoms of fetal health and life in utero due to acute or chronic hypoxia, with an incidence of 2.7% to 38.5%. Fetal distress is mainly related to abnormal amniotic fluid, umbilical cord entanglement and compression, which is an important reason for the increase of cesarean section rate during delivery. At present, the diagnosis of fetal distress mainly relies on electronic monitoring of fetal heart, and the false positive rate is high. Intrauterine pressure catheter has not been widely used because of the little effect of intrauterine treatment and the increase of infection. Endoscopy has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various specialties at present, but the diagnosis and treatment during childbirth are still in a blind area. The characteristics of endoscopic visualization provide a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of fetal distress during delivery, especially for the etiological diagnosis and treatment of umbilical cord factors. The use of intraauterine endoscope during delivery can make up for the defects of intrauterine pressure catheter, realize the visual diagnosis of the causes of fetal distress such as oligoamniotic fluid, meconium contamination of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord compression caused by entangling and true junction, etc. At the same time, it can also improve the intrauterine environment by perfusion of saline for the causes of fetal embarrassment, correct fetal distress, and extend the observation time during labor. It is beneficial to reduce caesarean section during labor.