Hand Strength

The goal of this observational study is to learn how a pregnant woman's physical fitness and emotional well-being can help predict the type of birth she will have (such as a natural vaginal birth versus a cesarean section or a birth requiring medical assistance). The study focuses on pregnant women in their third trimester (after 28 weeks of pregnancy). The main questions the study aims to answer are: * Can simple tests of physical strength and questions about emotions (like fear of childbirth) help health professionals predict if a birth might have complications or lack of progress? * Do a woman's physical activity and confidence levels during pregnancy affect her ability to successfully breastfeed her baby for up to 6 months? Participants will be asked to: * Perform two simple physical tests during a clinic visit: a hand-grip test (dynamometry test) and a test to see how many times they can stand up from a chair in 30 seconds (Chair Stand Test, CST). * Complete surveys about their daily physical activity (PPAQ-S), their feelings and fears regarding childbirth (WDEQ-A), and how confident they feel about handling the final stage of birth and the pushing phase (CBSEI-16). * Answer brief follow-up phone calls one month and six months after the birth to talk about how breastfeeding is going.

The goal of this observational study is to learn if simple tests for frailty and muscle strength can help predict which older adults (age 65 and older) are at higher risk for problems after major abdominal surgery. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Do measures of frailty and muscle strength, taken before surgery, predict complications after surgery? * Can these tests be easily done during a routine pre-surgical visit? Participants will: * Complete brief tests measuring muscle strength, breathing strength, physical function, nutrition status, body composition, and memory during a regular pre-surgical clinic appointment. * Allow researchers to review their medical records 30 and 90 days after surgery to identify any complications or health problems.