Inhibition, Psychological

People with BE are characterized by high impulsivity, high levels of craving for high-calorie foods, deficits in inhibitory control, and maladaptive decision making. These characteristics are related, at brain level, to alterations in the activation of areas such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) among other brain areas and their connectivity. The investigators propose an intervention that seeks to target these issues. Thus, the present study aims to characterize the effects of neuromodulation with intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) of the DLPFC or the vmPFC in combination with inhibitory control training to produce brain, cognitive and behavioral changes, and modify altered biological parameters in people with BE. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three groups: 1) a group that will receive active iTBS of the DLPFC together with inhibitory control training with a food Go/NoGo paradigm, and 2) a group that will receive active iTBS of the vmPFC together with inhibitory control training with a food Go/NoGo paradigm, and 3) an active control group that will receive sham iTBS together with inhibitory control training with a food Go/NoGo paradigm. The investigators hypothesized that neuromodulation with iTBS applied to DLPFC or vmPFC will modify the dynamics of different brain circuits associated with binge eating. Neuromodulation of the DLPFC or vmPFC in combination with inhibitory control training, will be associated with: (i) decreased appraisal of unhealthy foods, (ii) reduced food craving, (iii) improved eating behavior, (iv) modified brain connectivity and activation both at rest and linked to task performance with food stimuli, (v) a decrease in the frequency and intensity of binge eating, (vi) improved emotional symptoms and emotional eating (depression, anxiety, emotional regulation, emotional eating, reward-related eating, non-homeostatic eating), (vii) improved cognitive abilities (motor and cognitive inhibition, delay of gratification, impulsivity, working memory, cognitive flexibility and decision making), (viii) changes in biological parameters associated to the interventions (plasma and microbiota), and (ix) advantages in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility based on economic evaluation analyses.

People with excess weight (EW) are characterized by high impulsivity, high levels of craving for high-calorie foods, deficits in inhibitory control, and maladaptive decision-making. The proposed intervention seeks to target these issues. Thus, the present study aims to determine the effectiveness of combining inhibitory control training with usual treatment (diet and physical exercise) in treating people with EW to produce cognitive, behavioral and anthropometric changes. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: 1) the experimental group that would receive active inhibitory control training and (2) the active control group that will receive placebo inhibitory control training. Both groups will receive individualized diet and physical exercise guidelines. Training requires to inhibit responding to certain foods presented during computerized tasks. Using a food Go/No-Go paradigm, individuals are asked to press a button when a Go cue is presented next to an image and to refrain from pressing a button when a No-Go cue (e.g., a bold frame) is presented. In the experimental group, pictures of healthy and unhealthy foods are always paired with the Go and the No-Go signal, respectively whereas in the control group healthy and unhealthy foods are paired 50% of the time with the Go and 50% with the No-Go signal. It is hypothesized that the experimental intervention would be effective improving (i) Body Mass Index (BMI), (ii) food craving, (iii) anthropometric measures (waist circumference and waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios), (iv) eating and physical exercise behaviors (decreased caloric intake and increased frequency and time of physical activity), (v) emotional symptoms and emotional eating (depression, anxiety, emotional regulation, emotional eating, reward-related eating, non-homeostatic eating), and (vi) cognitive abilities (motor and cognitive inhibition, delay of gratification, impulsivity, working memory, cognitive flexibility and decision making).

People with excess weight (EW) are characterized by high impulsivity, high levels of craving for high-calorie foods, deficits in inhibitory control, and maladaptive decision-making. These characteristics are related, at the brain level, to alterations in the activation of areas such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and its connectivity. The proposed intervention seeks to target these issues. Thus, the present study aims to characterize the effects of neuromodulation with intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS) of the DLPFC alone and in combination with inhibitory control training to produce brain, cognitive and behavioral changes, and modify altered biological parameters in people with EW. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three groups: (1) a group that will receive active iTBS of the DLPFC combined with inhibitory control training with a food Go/No-go paradigm, (2) a group that will receive active iTBS of the DLPFC only, and (3) a control group that will receive sham iTBS. It is hypothesized that the combined intervention will obtain better results that the neuromodulation alone, and that both interventions, compared to sham iTBS, will achieve: (i) decreased body mass index, (ii) decreased craving, (iii) modified brain connectivity and activation both at rest and linked to task performance with food stimuli, (iv) improved anthropometric measures (waist circumference and waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios), (v) improved eating and exercise behaviors (decreased caloric intake and increased frequency and time of physical activity), (vi) improved emotional symptoms and emotional eating (depression, anxiety, emotional regulation, emotional eating, reward-related eating, non-homeostatic eating), (vii) improved cognitive abilities (motor and cognitive inhibition, delay of gratification, impulsivity, working memory, cognitive flexibility and decision making), (viii) changes in biological parameters associated to the interventions (plasma and microbiota), and (ix) advantages in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility based on economic evaluation analyses.