Injury;Sports

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between injury risk and pain, fatigue, muscle strength, balance and quality of life in volleyball players. In this context, it will be investigated how the pain and fatigue levels experienced by volleyball players interact with muscle strength and balance and how these factors increase the risk of injury.

Respiratory muscles play a fundamental role in sports performance. Fatigue of these muscles induces changes in maximal inspiratory pressure and autonomic nervous system activity, thereby compromising the athlete's recovery process. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the specific effects of different inspiratory muscle activation modalities on post-exercise recovery in professional male football players. The study seeks to determine which of the three modalities-bilateral phrenic nerve electrical stimulation, a threshold loading device protocol, or inactivity-provides greater benefits for recovery. The effectiveness of these interventions will be assessed using two key outcome variables: maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and heart rate variability (HRV). This study is designed as a randomized clinical trial (RCT) in which participants will be allocated into three intervention groups: a bilateral phrenic nerve electrical stimulation group (EG1), in which involuntary diaphragmatic contractions will be induced using an electrotherapy device with current applied to the phrenic nerves; a threshold device group (EG2), in which participants will perform breathing against submaximal inspiratory loads equivalent to 40% of their MIP; and a control group (CG), which will remain seated for a period equivalent to the duration of the other interventions. Group allocation will be ensured through randomization using Microsoft Excel. Regarding statistical analysis, data normality will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparisons of quantitative variables will be performed using Student's t test when normality assumptions are met, or the Mann-Whitney U test otherwise. A p value \< 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

In athletics, in the sprint and hurdles disciplines, muscle injuries account for a significant proportion of injuries. The hamstrings are particularly vulnerable, accounting for between 12% and 26% of all injuries in these sports. A single-blind study was conducted on 20 hurdler patients with the intention of assessing hip mobility, hamstring flexibility and performance. To collect this data, the research team will conduct examinations and interviews with the athletes in two groups: an experimental group using LightBack and a placebo group.