Iron Status

This study evaluates the effect of young child formula in children 1-3 years of age. Subjects will receive either test or control product. Growth and health data, parent diaries and biological samples will be collected during the study.

The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the early bactericidal activity, early inflammatory response, and safety of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation in adult patients (aged 18- 45 years) with newly diagnosed, bacteriologically confirmed drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis. The main questions it aims to answers are: * Does adjunct n-3 LCPUFA supplementation reduce the sputum culture time to positivity * Does it improve inflammatory markers and TB treatment outcomes compared to placebo Researchers will compare daily supplementation with \~2g n-3 LCPUFA (EPA and DHA ) to placebo (high linoleic sunflower oil) to determine effects on bactericidal activity, inflammation, and clinical outcomes. Participants will: * Be randomly assigned to receive either n-3 LCPUFA or Placebo daily for 8 weeks with the intensive phase of TB treatment * Attend clinical visit baseline, and follow up visit mostly weekly for 2 months and then monthly for 4 months of the continuous phase of TB treatment * Provide blood, sputum and urine samples for biomarkers and metabolomic analysis * Undergo assessments of iron status, body composition and muscle strength

The aim of this prospective observational cohort study is to study maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia and the use of iron supplements in pregnancy and their impact on the health of the offspring and pregnancy outcomes. All women coming to Tampere University Hospital for prenatal checkups and/or labor are recruited to the study. After giving their consent the mothers fill an online questionnaire about about possible maternal anemia and its diagnosis in pregnancy, iron deficiency and its diagnosis in pregnancy, maternal use of iron supplement or folic acid and it´s timing, about possible other chronic disease and their medications during pregnancy, and whether the mother has got intravenous iron infusions in pregnancy. Mothers also give their permit to use their in-and outpatient data from pregnancy until hospital discharge and to follow the health of their offspring from birth until 7 years of age from in- and outpatient records.We aim to recruit 6000 mother-child-pairs. The health of the offspring (growth, diagnoses, medication, possible therapies, need of support at daycare or school) will be followed for the first month, then at 1,5 years, four years and seven years of age from the patient records. In addition to the cohort study, two nested cohort studies will be performed. The aim of the nested cohort studies is to study the correlation of maternal iron status to the iron status of the child. Secondary aim is to evaluate iron biomarkers, especially reticulocyte hemoglobin, and their reliability to interpret neonatal iron status. A 100 mothers with diagnosed iron deficiency and iron supplementation (p.o. or i.v.) in pregnancy, are recruited to Nested cohort 1. For the nested cohort 2, a 100 mothers with diabetes requiring insulin therapy in pregnancy are recruited. Tor these two cohorts, a 100 mothers without iron deficiency or diabetes will be recruited as controls. Iron status of the mother will be tested before delivery from blood sample. The iron status of the offspring will be checked from umbilical blood, at 2 days of age at the same time other lab tests are taken, at eight months and two and five years of age. In addition to the laboratory tests, parents fill up an electronical questionnaire at eight months, two and five years about the nutrition, sleep, behaviour and cognitive and motor skills of their child. The researchers try to find out, whether iron deficiency in pregnancy has long-term effects on the health and development of the offspring, and how the iron status correlates between the mother and the child, and does it have impact on their sleep, behaviour or skills.