Low Back Pain, Chronic

A research study is being conducted to compare two treatments for long-term low back pain: * One uses the iovera° system, which applies cold to certain nerves in the lower back. * The other is the standard treatment called radiofrequency ablation, which uses heat. The primary objective is to find out which treatment works better to reduce back pain. Participants in this study will be randomly placed in one of the two treatment groups. The clinical research team will check on participant pain levels and overall health before and after the procedure for about 12 months. The entire study will last about 14 months for each participant.

The goal of this observational intervention study is to evaluate the impact of a multidisciplinary active coping program for chronic back pain in adults referred from Primary Care to the Physiotherapy Unit of Teruel Ensanche. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does the program improve physical function, measured through gait speed, balance, and chair stand tests? * Does it reduce pain-related psychological factors such as kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression? * Does it improve quality of life and sleep quality, and reduce analgesic medication use? Participants will attend group sessions on pain neuroscience education, followed by sessions on healthy habits, nutrition and sleep hygiene and group psychological intervention focused on emotional wellbeing tools, and will complete therapeutic exercise sessions over the course of the program. They will also complete validated questionnaires and physical assessments at three timepoints: at baseline, at the end of the program, and at a 6-month follow-up.

The aim of this study is to find the effects of retro walking along with core stabilization on pain, disability and balance in non-specific chronic low back pain patients. Randomized controlled trials will be done at Railway general hospital, Rawalpindi and Care plus medical center, Islamabad. The sample size was 42. The subjects were divided in two groups, 21 subjects in group A will undergo retro-walking along with core stabilization and 21 in group B will undergo only core stabilization exercises. Conventional physical therapy protocol will apply to both groups. Sampling technique applied was purposive nonprobability sampling technique. Only 25-40 years individual with chronic low back pain were included. Tools used in the study are visual analogue scale, Oswestry Disability Index and G\&B app. Data will be analyzed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.

This randomised controlled trial will evaluate the effectiveness of different exercise modalities for individuals with low back pain. Participants will be allocated to one of three groups: a control arm (usual exercise), a running-based intervention, or a swimming/cycling-based intervention. Outcomes related to pain and function will be measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 months.

This study was planned to examine the effects of basic and functional respiratory muscle training on pain, disability level, and functionality. In this study, participants will be randomly divided into 3 groups. The first group will be treated with physical therapy applications applied in state hospitals for 10 weeks. The second group will receive basic respiratory muscle training treatment in addition to physical therapy in state hospitals. The third group will receive respiratory muscle training with exercise in addition to physical therapy in state hospitals. Evaluations will be made before the first session, after the 30th session, in the 3rd month, in the 6th month, and in the 1st year. There is no interventional method in the evaluations. Pain intensity, disability level, physical activity status, quality of life, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing, anxiety and depression levels will be questioned with scales. In physical measurements, participant's aerobic capacity will be measured with the 2-Minute Walk Test, participants's flexibility with the sit-and-long test, participants's respiratory muscle strength with the MIP/MEP device, participants's core endurance with the trunk flexor muscle endurance test, participants's lower and upper extremity muscle strength with a handheld dynamometer, participants's postural control with the Biodex balance device, and participants's muscle thickness with an ultrasound.

1.1Research objective The objective of the study is to find the comparative effects of group based exercises with and without cognitive functional therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic low back? 1.2 Hypothesis Null Hypothesis H0= There is no significant difference of clinical outcomes between the cognitive functional therapy with group exercises and group based exercises only in patients with chronic low back pain. Alternative Hypothesis H1= There is a significant difference of clinical outcomes between the cognitive functional therapy with group exercises and group based exercises only in patients with chronic low back pain.