Mothers

Early childhood is a critical period, laying the foundation for future growth and deveopment. This foundational period has an outsized effect, impacting health, well-being and achievement across one's lifespan. The U.S. lacks a cohesive early childhood system to support families with young children ages 0-5. The goal of this randomized controlled trial(RCT) is to test if community-based support via community health workers(CHWs) improves social and health services utilization, and child development. Furthermore, the trial will examine if income support enhances the impact of a CHW integrated system. Participants are English and Spanish speaking families with healthy newborns. This RCT was designed based on family priorities, community capacity and needs in a collective impact model. This trial is anchored at a university based children's hospital and involves many partners: families, county health, county leadership, a leading early childhood non-profit organization, the county's Medicaid managed care organization.

Mentor Mothers (MMs) are peer supporters who help pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV (WLHIV) as they receive prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services in resource-limited settings like Kenya. Differentiated service delivery (DSD) is a care model that tailors services based on clients' needs, helping to improve both the quality and efficiency of care. This hybrid implementation-effectiveness study will test whether an enhanced MM strategy that uses DSD can be successfully carried out and improve health outcomes for mothers and infants. The study will take place at Burnt Forest Sub-District Hospital (BFSDH) in Kenya. Researchers will ask: * Can the enhanced MM strategy be delivered as planned and accepted by patients and staff? * Does the strategy improve clinical outcomes like keeping mothers in PMTCT care, achieving HIV viral suppression, completing infant HIV testing, and preventing HIV transmission to infants? Researchers will compare health outcomes before and after the strategy is introduced at BFSDH, and also compare outcomes at other similar clinics that continue with standard MM services. Women who choose to participate will meet with a MM during their routine antenatal and postnatal clinic visits. They will be offered the enhanced MM support, but can choose to receive standard care if they prefer.

The postnatal period is a fragile period with physical and psychological changes as well as hormonal changes in the mother. Mind-body based complementary practices such as yoga, meditation, relaxation exercises can be used to improve well-being and facilitate adaptation to the changes experienced during this period. Among these practices, laughter yoga is new, simple, cost-effective, non-invasive, widely available online and easily applicable/accessible. In studies, individuals in different populations from children to the elderly have proven that laughter therapy interventions cause improvement in mood and life satisfaction. Looking at the literature, studies on laughter therapy in Turkey are limited and no study has been found on this subject. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of laughter therapy given to mothers in the postnatal period on partner adjustment, life satisfaction and maternal attachment level in mothers. It is thought that this study will make a very important contribution to the literature.